Özet

交替浸入葡萄糖中,在斑马鱼中产生长期血糖超血症

Published: May 05, 2021
doi:

Özet

此协议非侵入性地诱发斑马鱼高血糖长达 8 周。利用这一协议,可以深入研究高血糖的不利影响。

Abstract

斑马鱼(Danio rerio)是研究慢性高血糖影响的优秀模型,这是 II 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 的标志。这种替代浸入协议是一种非侵入性的、循步骤的方法,可诱导高血糖长达八周。成年斑马鱼交替接触糖(葡萄糖)和水,每次24小时。斑马鱼开始用1%的葡萄糖溶液治疗2周,然后用2%的溶液治疗2周,最后在剩下的4周内进行3%的溶液治疗。与水处理(压力)和曼尼托处理(渗透)对照相比,葡萄糖处理斑马鱼的血糖水平显著较高。经过葡萄糖处理的斑马鱼的血糖水平是对照组的3倍,这表明在4周和8周后可以达到高血糖。持续性高血糖与胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP) 增加、心网膜核因子 Kappa B (NF-kB) 水平增加、生理反应下降以及认知缺陷有关,表明此协议可用于模拟疾病并发症。

Introduction

斑马鱼(丹尼奥·雷里奥)正在迅速成为一个广泛使用的动物模型,以研究疾病和认知1。基因操纵的易受干扰和胚胎透明性在早期发育阶段,使他们成为研究人类疾病的主要候选者与已知的遗传基础。例如,斑马鱼已经被用来研究霍尔特-奥拉姆综合征,心肌病,球状细胞性肾脏疾病,肌肉萎缩症和糖尿病(DM)等疾病1。此外,斑马鱼模型是理想的,因为该物种的体积小,维护方便,和高粪便2,3。

斑马鱼胰腺在解剖学上和功能上都与哺乳动物胰腺4相似。因此,斑马鱼具有体型大、肥大和内分泌结构相似的独特特征,因此斑马鱼成为研究DM相关并发症的合适人选。在斑马鱼中,有两种实验方法用于诱导DM特有的长时间高血糖:葡萄糖的流入(建模2型)和胰岛素分泌的停止(建模1型)5、6。在实验中,为了阻止胰岛素分泌,胰腺β细胞可以通过链球菌素(STZ)或Aloxan注射进行化学破坏。STZ已成功地用于啮齿动物和斑马鱼,导致并发症与视网膜病变7,8,9,认知障碍10,和肢体再生11。然而,在斑马鱼中,β细胞在治疗后再生,导致STZ的”助推器注射”成为维持糖尿病状况所必需的或者,斑马鱼的胰腺可以去除6。这些都是高度侵入性的程序,由于多次注射,和广泛的恢复时间。

相反,高血糖可以通过接触外源性葡萄糖来非侵入性地诱发。在此协议中,鱼被淹没在高度浓缩的葡萄糖溶液中24小时5,13或连续2周14,15,16。外源性葡萄糖通过摄入和/或穿过刺,导致血糖水平升高而被跨皮吸走。由于这种非侵入性技术不直接操纵胰岛素水平,因此不能声称诱导2型DM。然而,它可以用来检查高血糖引起的并发症,这是2型DM的主要症状之一。

最近,斑马鱼突变pdx1-/-通过操纵胰腺和十二指肠家谱1基因,一种与人类2型DM的遗传原因相关的基因而开发的。利用这种突变体,研究人员已经能够复制胰腺发育中断,高血糖,并研究高血糖引起的糖尿病视网膜病变17,18。

本文描述了一种使用交替浸入协议的非侵入性高血糖诱导方法。此协议维持高血糖条件长达 8 周,并观察到随后的并发症。简言之,成年斑马鱼被放置在糖溶液中24小时,然后放入水溶液中24小时。与持续浸入外部葡萄糖溶液相反,糖和水之间的交替天模拟糖尿病中血糖的上升和下降。此外,交替葡萄糖协议还允许高血糖在较长时间内诱发,因为斑马鱼无法补偿高外部葡萄糖条件。作为原则的证明,我们提供的数据表明,使用此协议诱导的血糖过高会改变视网膜化学和生理学。

Protocol

所有程序都得到了美国大学动物护理和使用机构委员会的批准。 1. 准备解决方案罐 获得六个水箱,每个实验组两个(葡萄糖、曼尼托和水)。给两个储罐中的一个贴上”储罐”(它将容纳鱼)的标签,并给另一个”溶液罐”贴上标签(它将容纳溶液)。注:曼尼托治疗组为渗透控制,水处理组为处理/应力控制。重要的是要保持坦克,航空公司/航空石,盖子和清洁用品?…

Representative Results

使用此协议(图 1),经过 4 周和 8 周的治疗(图 2A),血糖值显著升高,高血糖的定义是水处理组和曼尼托治疗组的控制平均值的 3 倍。水处理控制每天进出水,提供压力/处理控制。曼尼托在体外葡萄糖研究19,20中充当渗透控制,因为它是一种6碳糖,如葡萄糖,但不被细胞占用。为了与这些研究和斑马鱼…

Discussion

糖尿病是一个全国性的问题。研究表明,到2030年,估计有4亿人将患有某种形式的糖尿病。在啮齿动物模型中,使用基因操作研究2型DM。在大鼠中,扎克糖尿病脂肪大鼠(ZDF)和大须卡长埃文斯德岛脂肪大鼠(OLETF)提供了更多关于2型DM10的影响的信息。此外,高脂肪饮食已用于啮齿动物诱发高血糖。这反映了本文中提出的非侵入性程序。使用我们的非侵入性协议,我们可以诱发?…

Açıklamalar

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢 VPC、CJR 和 MCP 为本协议的制定。EMM 获得美国大学文理学院研究生支持的资助,以开展此项研究。这项工作还得到了美国大学梅隆学院奖的支持,并通过美国大学艺术与科学学院(VPC)提供资金。

Materials

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Bu Makaleden Alıntı Yapın
McCarthy, E., Rowe, C. J., Crowley-Perry, M., Connaughton, V. P. Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish. J. Vis. Exp. (171), e61935, doi:10.3791/61935 (2021).

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