JoVE Journal > Developmental Biology
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
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Developmental Biology

全体マウント クリアとシロイヌナズナの花器官および Siliques の染色

Published: April 12, 2018
doi:
10.3791/56441
, , ,
1Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center,University of Zurich

Summary

このプロトコルでは、シロイヌナズナの花と siliques、いくつかの基本的な清算のテクニックの適切な解剖のためのテクニックの説明し、生殖構造の観察を全取り付ける染色を選択しました。

Abstract

分子遺伝学的研究の素晴らしいツールによるシロイヌナズナは植物生物学で、特に、植物生殖生物学の最も著名なモデル種の一つです。ただし、植物形態学的、解剖学的、および微細構造分析時間のかかる埋め込み、明視野、スキャン、および電子顕微鏡のための手続の区分を含む伝統的。最低限の処理のホール マウント標本に使用される分子技術の継続的な改良、新式の 3次元計算機援用微視的解析、共焦点蛍光顕微鏡の最近の進歩の需要の増加につながっています。効率的かつ最小限のサンプル処理技術を開発します。このプロトコルでは正しく解剖シロイヌナズナの花や siliques、基本的な技術をクリアするための手法について述べるとのいくつかの汚損プロシージャ全体マウント生殖構造の観察。

Introduction

花は最も重要な被子植物の器官を定義しています。顕花植物登場いくつかの 9000 万年前1、急速な外見だったチャールズ ・ ダーウィン2「忌まわしい謎」として記載されて、非常に高速の多様化。花の開発の植物研究者の関心は多様であります。いくつかの研究は、全体または花3,4,5,6 の特定の解剖学的、構造的・機能的特性の進化として花の進化的起源を理解することに焦点を当ててください。.フローラル フォームの構造と、それらに依存する性および無性生殖様式の高い変化は花に非常に複雑な構造を作る。これは遺伝学的および分子調査7と組み合わせることができる光と電子顕微鏡技術を使用して花の器官の解剖学と構造機能を特徴付けるため多様な活動につながっています。さらに果実や種子のソースとして、花は人間および動物栄養物のため非常に重要です。したがって、花とフルーツの開発の特性、応用研究、増え人口と変化する環境8下で生態系保全戦略のための食料安全保障を含む多くの影響,9,10。

シロイヌナズナの花の開発には花成誘導と花序 (花のグループ) の分裂組織に植物の分裂組織の変容が始まります。花原基は、花序メリステム11の側面に横方向に開始されます。花の器官原基の花の中心に外から同心円状の渦巻き状に徐々 に形し、がく片、花びら、雄しべ、心皮の7に最終的に開発。これらの花器を果たす個別栄養、保護、および機能 (例えば、送粉者魅力) オスとメスの配偶体、それぞれ12の発達を支える性的器官との異なる植物の役割,13配偶体、ターンでは、それぞれを区別する男性 (精子) のペアと雌性の配偶子 (卵と中央のセル) に結合する二重次世代、受精と一次胚乳を形成する受精ターミナル組織支援、。胚14,15の開発。果実や種子の開発は、成長、成熟および胚と、最終的には、その分散の保全をサポートします。シロイヌナズナ7,16,17モデル種を中心に、多様な植物の花と胚の開発を特徴付ける広範な研究を行った。

花の開発の初期の顕微鏡分析は時間のかかるサンプル加工、パラフィンまたは樹脂埋め込み断面などの手法は組み合わせて光または電子顕微鏡の観察に基づいていた。これらの伝統的な顕微鏡の技術は蛋白質の免疫検出の in situハイブリダイゼーションによる RNA の局在や突然変異体の顕微鏡分析などの分子遺伝の調査との組み合わせでよく使用されました。最新の 3次元コンピューター支援画像解析と最低限の処理のホール マウント標本で使用できる分子の方法の継続的な改良の広視野および共焦点蛍光顕微鏡の最近の進歩の必要性をもたらした優先的に定量分析に適している効率的かつ最小限のサンプル処理技術。近年、全体マウント動物標本のクリアリングの技術の開発の重要な進歩をしました。レンダリング サンプル透明水性尿素または砂糖ベースの試薬 (例えばスケール、SeeDB、立方体) を使用して18,19、20、または後の脂質 (洗剤 SDS を使用) の選択的除去安定したゲル; に試料を埋め込む脂質の除去をすることができます受動拡散によっていずれかを達成した (例えば、変更明確プロトコル21, 協定 PARS リム22) または電気泳動 (元明確プロトコル23と法律さきがけ24) によって積極的に。この高速の進歩に励まされて、いくつかの派生技術、プラント用も浮上しています。

シロイヌナズナのモデルに焦点を当てた本のメソッドで花蕾、花、そして若い siliques の適切な郭清と全体マウント多様な染色サンプルのクリアリングの手順と観察の手順について述べる古典的なまたは最近 SDS ベースのクリア方法。澱粉、カロース、クロマチン染色の例のとおりです。ただし、これらの手順は、使用すると他の種の適応の改善とさらに必要があります、彼らは多くの研究プロジェクトの出発点は、これらの単純ですが重要なメソッドのさらなる研究のための段階を設定いただければ幸いです。

Protocol

1. 花と Silique 固定 収穫の花と植物から siliques 最初の花のオープニングで同期されます。注: ここで使用される実験条件下で植物開花を開始土壌培地・培 (MS) 版の移植後約 21 日間。種子は 4 ° C で 3-4 日間の成層、発芽/暮れた 22 ° C/16 h 光と 18 ° C/8 時間で MS プレート上のもとに同じ条件 (図 1) 鍋で栄養豊富な土に苗を移植する前に、8 〜 10 日間。複製の数特?…

Representative Results

シロイヌナズナは花序 (図 1) に配置された両性花で花序を軸受、Brassicacea 家族に属しています。それぞれの花は 4 がく片、花びら、(4 つの長いおよび 2 つの短い)、六つの雄しべ、4 つの同心円状の渦巻き25,26で配置 2 先天性融合心皮 (図 1 階H) から成る syncarpous…

Discussion

シロイヌナズナ、すべて花の発達段階にまたがる単一の花序内の多くの花蕾の存在が治療や発達機能の効果を特徴を目指した研究のユニークな機会を提供しています花の開発のさまざまな段階で同時に異なる個体間の良好な基準点は主要な花序の最初の花の開いています。植物が開花が同期されているような方法で扱われる可能な (例えば、4 ° C で最大同期種子の発芽およびそ?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

この作品はチューリッヒ大学 IEF マリー キュリーの助成金によって支えられた (付与なし。A. h. に TransEpigen-254797)、欧州研究評議会の高度な許可 (許可なし。U. g. に MEDEA-250358)、および SystemsX.ch、システム生物学のスイスの取り組みから研究・技術開発のプロジェクト (u. g. に MecanX グラント)。

Materials

Reagents and Materials
Ethanol Scharlau ET00102500
Acetic Acid Applichem A3686,2500 100% Molecular biology grade
Glacial Acetic Acid Sigma-Aldrich 320099 Molecular Biology Grade
Methanol Scharlau ME03062500
Formaldehyde Solution Sigma-Aldrich F1635
Propionic acid Sigma-Aldrich 81910-250 ml
Chloral hydrate Sigma-Aldrich 15307
Glycerol Roth 3783.1
Gum arabic Fluka 51198
Lactic acid Fluka 69773
Phenol Sigma-Aldrich 77607-250ML We used liquid phenol (use the density to find the required volume for your solution)
Clove oil Sigma-Aldrich C8392-100ML
Xylene Roth 4436.1
Iodine Fluka 57665
Potassium iodide Merck 5043
Malachite Green Fluka 63160
Fuchsin acid Fluka 84600
Orange G Sigma 7252
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Sigma-Aldrich L3771 Molecular Biology Grade
Sodium hydroxide Sigma-Aldrich 71690
Sodium di-Hydrogen Phosphate Applichem A1047,1000
Sodium phosphate dibasic Sigma-Aldrich S9763-1KG
Potassium phosphate Sigma-Aldrich 04347
EDTA Applichem A2937,1000
Calcofluor Sigma F6259 Fluorescent brightener 28
Auramine Chroma 10120
DAPI Sigma D9542 toxic
Triton-X-100 Sigma T8787
Aniline blue Merck 1275
MS medium Carolina 19-57030
Nutrient-rich substrate Einheitserde ED73
Watch maker's glass No specific brand
15 ml falcon centrifuge tubes VWR 62406-200
Dumond Forceps Actimed 0208-5SPSF-PS
Forceps DUMONT BIOLOGY 0108-5
Syringe BD BD Plastipak 300013 1 ml
Preparation needle BD BD Microlance 304000
Microscope slides Thermo Scientific 10143562CE cut edges
Coverslips Thermo Scientific DV40008
Humid box A plastic box with damp paper towel and slide supports inside
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Solutions
Fixatives
Carnoy's (Farmer's) fixative Absolute ethanol : glacial acetic acid, 3:1 (ml:ml)
Methanol/acetic acid fixative 50 % (v/v) methanol, 10 % (v/v) glacial acetic acid in deionized water
FPA50 fixative Formalin, propionic acid, 50% ethanol; 5:5:90 (ml:ml:ml)
Clearing solutions
Chloral hydrate/glycerol Chloral hydrate : glycerol : water, 8:1:2 (g:ml:ml). Can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50
Modified Hoyer Gum arabic 7.5 g, chloral hydrate 100 g, glycerol 5 ml , water 30 ml. Can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50
Herr's 4½ clearing fluid Lactic acid, chloral hydrate, phenol crystals, clove oil, xylene; 2:2:2:2:1, by weight. Can be used for all flower developmental stages (especially for stamen development) and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50
SDS/NaOH solution Mix-dilute the the SDS and the NaOH stock solution to 1% SDS / 0.2 N NaOH (10x dilution). For all stages of flower and silique developmental stages. The best fixative is the methano/acetic acid fixative; the other two fixatives can also be used. Can be combined with calcofluor, auramine, DAPI, and aniline blue staining solution.
SDS stock solution 10 % (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate. Dissolve 10 g sodium dodecyl sulphate in 80 ml deionized water and make up to 100 ml with deionized water.
NaOH stock solution 2 N NaOH solution: dissolve 4 g of NaOH in 40 ml of deionized water and make up to 100 ml with deionized water
Combined clearing and staining solutions
Herr's IKI-4½ To a standard 4½ (9 g in total) add: 100 mg iodine, 500 mg potassium iodide. This clearing solution can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development, either for increasing contrast or for characterizing starch dynamics. Use FPA50 for structural analysis and Carnoy's fixative for quantitative starch analysis.
Alexander staining Ethanol 95% 10ml, malachite green (1% in 95% EtOH) 1 ml, fuchsin acid (1% in ddH2O) 5ml, orange G (1% in ddH2O) 0.5ml, phenol 5g, chloral hydrate 5g, glacial acetic acid 2ml, glycerol 25ml . This clearing/staining alone or in combination with Herr's 4½ solution can be used to evaluate pollen abortion in flowers with mature and tricellular pollen grains. It's used on freshly harved non-fixed material.
Staining solutions
Calcofluor solution Calcofluor 0.007% in water (g:ml). Originally used as an optical brightner. Can be used for staining cellulose, carboxylated polysaccharides and callose in cell walls. Frequently used to stain the intine of the pollen grain. All three fixatives can be used with this solution.
Auramine solution Auramine 0.01% in water (g:ml). This lipophilic fluorscent dye can be used for staining cuticles, cutin, and exine among others. All three fixatives can be used with this solution
Calcofluor-Auramine mixture Auramine solution : Calcofluor solution, 3:1. Can be used for a combined staining by both solutions. Other proportions can be assayed maintaining a smaller proportion of calcofluor with respect to auramine.
DAPI solution DAPI 0.4 ug/ml, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7), 0.1% Triton-X-100, 1 mM EDTA. This solution can be used for staining chromosome spreads during male and female meiosis, and cell nuclei of any tissue. Frequently used for studying pollen grain development. Carnoy's and methanol/ acetic acid are the best fixatives for this solution. Formaldehyde-based fixatives such as FPA50 may interfere with the staining. Excitation in the UV and maximum emission around 461 nm.
Sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M) Proton receptor: 0.2 M Na2HPO4, proton donor: 0.2 M NaH2PO4, ratio proton donor / proton receptor: 1.364 ( for a pH 7)
Aniline blue solution 0.1% (w/v) aniline blue, 108 mM K3PO4 (pH 11), 2% glycerol. This solution can be used for staining callose and cellulose of many stages of development (e.g callose deposition in male and female terads, callose plugs in pollen tubes). Excitation in the UV and maximum emission around 455. It can also be excited at 514 nm with emission in the red for cell content staining.
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Tags

ArabidopsisFlower OrgansSiliquesWhole-mount ClearingStainingDissectionFlower DevelopmentSexual Plant ReproductionMicroscopyClearing Solution

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Hedhly, A., Vogler, H., Eichenberger, C., Grossniklaus, U. Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques. J. Vis. Exp. (134), e56441, doi:10.3791/56441 (2018).
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