Sucul Life Asma değerlendirmek Sedimanlar Etkileri için Flow-through Pozlama Sistemi
Summary
A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.
Abstract
This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.
Introduction
Dip tarama işlemleri limanlar ve navigasyon kanallarından alt tortuların kaldırmak için mekanik yöntemler kullanırlar. kaldırılması sırasında, rahatsız sediment bir kısmı potansiyel olarak bu sucul türlerin fiziksel stres kaynağı haline su sütunu içine askıya alınır. askıya alınma yanı sıra, sediment su sütunu dışarı yerleşmeden önce uzak ortam koşullarına göre Ekskavatör taşınacak olabilir. Bu iki mekanizma kombinasyonu bir işletim dredge yakınında meydana gelen bir su organizmanın sediman maruz kalır ve yan etkilere neden olabileceği anlamına gelir. Bu tür endişeleri, rutin azaltmak ya da su kaynaklarının 1,2 üzerinde tarama faaliyetleri askıya çökellerin potansiyel olarak zararlı etkilerinin riskini ortadan kaldırmak için bir yönetim uygulaması olarak kullanılan çevresel pencereler (sezonluk tarama kısıtlamalar) gidermek için.
Çevre pencereler en sık tehlike altındaki korumak için kurulan, tehdit veyaBöyle walleye (Sander vitreusta) gibi ticari olarak değerli türler ve doğu istiridye (Crassostrea virginica) 3. Çevresel pencereleri heybetli destekleyici gerekçe genellikle serpiştirmek faaliyetleri potansiyel fiziksel yaşam tarihinin belirli bir kısmını tamamlamak için (örneğin, asma sediment) bir hayvanın yeteneğini bozabilir nasıl odaklanır. Yaygın olarak anılan yaşam evreleri anadromous türler 3 açık göç yolları tutmak için yumurta ve larvaları vardır. Ancak, risk yönetim aracı olarak çevresel pencereleri kullanarak bilgilendirmek için kullanılabilir askıda sediman 4,5'ten ilgili türe özgü biyolojik etkileri ile ilgili sınırlı bilgi yoktur.
Bu nedenlerden dolayı, kaçar, tasarlanmış inşa edilmiş ve tortu askıya simüle etmek ve sucul organizmaların erken yaşam evrelerinde üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalar ince taneli tortul parçacıklar (yani ağırlıklı olarak silt kullanın ÇALIŞIYORbüyük olasılıkla killer ve ince kum) süspansiyon kalır ve kaynağından uzağa göç. Kaçar test balık yumurta ve larvalarının yeteneğine sahip, ama aynı zamanda eşsiz bir yetenek yapma, diğer suda yaşayan organizmalar karşılamak için entegre edilebilir. Elde edilen biyolojik yanıt verileri daha sonra askıya sedimanlar etkilerini değerlendirmek için de kullanılabilir. Aşağıdaki prosedürler teknoloji inşa ve çeşitli su türleri kullanılarak tekrarlanabilir askıda sediman konsantrasyonları ve etkileri verileri elde etmek için çalıştırılabilir nasıl bir bakış sağlar.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Kaçar teknolojisi otomatik, bilgisayar kontrollü sistem kullanılarak sürdürülmesi ve pozlama süreleri geniş bir yelpazede üzerinde asılı tortuları kontrol ederek mevcut yöntemleri 4,9 ve askıda sediman konsantrasyonları geliştirir. teknoloji çoklu sucul türler ve türüne göre yetişkinlere yumurta boyutları değişen yaşam evrelerinde askıya tortulların etkilerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir olması esnek şekildedir. Gelecekte, teknoloji batık su bitkilere askıda sediman e…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.
Materials
| Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium | |||
| post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft |
| plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in |
| tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water | Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA | FBT-226 | Quantity: 1 Size: 150-gal |
| chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 5197 | Quantity: 5 Size: 19 L |
| tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria | custom built by ERDC shops | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: custom |
| urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking | Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO | 60A Liquid Urethane | Quantity: 5 Size: epoxy kit |
| pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium | March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA | MDX-3-1/2 115 v | Quantity: 5 Size: 28 liter per min |
| light, LED – installed over water bath | C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA | Hydra 26 | Quantity: 2 Size: based on area to light |
| pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: – Size: 1 in |
| fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines | Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA | R270900 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-36 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in MPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-11 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62043 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62017 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 1/2 in ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 5/8 in ID |
| clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 40 Size: #8 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Slurry System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1-1/2 in |
| pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry | Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK | P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 | Quantity: 1 contact distributor |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank | Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 1 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
| pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 20 ft Size: 1 in |
| pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 10 ft Size: 1 in |
| union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 8 Size: 1/2 in |
| solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry | Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA | EASYMT4V12R24-PV | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC contact distributor |
| fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT |
| fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 7 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in |
| tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 50 ft Size: 1/4" ID |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Water System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1 in |
| pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller | Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA | 3-MD-SC | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/12 hp |
| solenoid, alco – introduce water | discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT |
| fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid to 1/2 in hose | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID |
| fittings, street elbow | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT |
| fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 12 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 6 Size: 1 in PVC |
| fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT |
| fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 4 in long x 1/4 in |
| pipe, PVC – make connections between tank, pump and chiller | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 ft Size: Schedule 40 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software | |||
| software, LabView | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | LabView 2015 Base | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776571-01 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-03 | Quantity: 2 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-02B | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-61 | Quantity: 6 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | N/A – legacy | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A used cards available online |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium | Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 5 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
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