フローサイトメトリーによるマウス精子細胞のステップ固有のソート
Summary
We describe a sorting strategy for mouse spermatids using flow cytometry. Spermatids are sorted into four highly pure populations, including round (spermiogenesis steps 1-9), early elongating (spermiogenesis steps 10-12), late elongating (spermiogenesis steps 13-14) and elongated spermatids (spermiogenesis steps 15-16). DNA staining, size and granulosity are used as selection parameters.
Abstract
マウスの精子細胞の分化は、無傷のゲノムと機能的雄性配偶子の製造のための1つの重要なプロセスは、次の世代に伝達されます。これまでのところ、この形態転移の分子研究はその後の分析のために精子細胞分化のこれらの重要なステップの適切な分離を可能にする方法の欠如によって妨げられてきました。フローサイトメトリーを使用して、これらの細胞の適切なゲーティングでの初期の試みが原因クロマチンリモデリングを受けて精子細胞におけるDNA蛍光の独特の増加のために困難であったかもしれません。この観察に基づいて、我々は、エタノールで固定したマウス精子の4集団、核リモデリングプロセスに異なる状態を表す各の再現性精製を可能にする、シンプルなフローサイトメトリー方式の詳細を提供します。人口濃縮は段階特異的なマーカーおよび形態学的規準を用いて確認されています。精製された精子細胞は、ゲノムやプロテオームのために使用することができますIC分析します。
Introduction
Haploid round spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa by a process called spermiogenesis. This involves many different steps including the acquisition of a flagellum, chromatin and cytoskeleton remodeling, condensation of the nucleus as well as the loss of most of the cytoplasm. These unique cellular events must be finely regulated in order to produce a mature functional gamete with an intact genome suitable for fertilization. Spermiogenesis can hardly be studied in vitro since no reliable cell culture system has so far been able to support progression through the different steps of the process. Moreover, actual in vitro techniques lead to a poor yield1,2. In vivo, proper transitions through the different steps of spermiogenesis are crucial for the natural functional integrity of the male gamete. Successful purification of spermatids according to their differentiation steps has never been accomplished with a level of enrichment sufficient to allow molecular characterization of spermiogenesis. For instance, purification of key steps of the spermatidal differentiation would be especially useful to study the developing acrosome, formation of the midpiece3, cell junction dynamics4, RNA dynamics5, chromatin remodeling process6,7 or genomic stability8. Purification of spermatids has been hampered by their progressive morphological transformation, the lack of known stage-specific external biomarkers, and their peculiar shape and size.
Although most male germ cells display a direct relationship between DNA staining and ploidy (DNA content), we noticed that such positive correlation is no longer applicable to spermatids. This stems from our early observation that seminiferous tubule sections show variable intensity of DNA staining throughout the different spermiogenesis steps. Although DNA staining is consistent with their haploid set of chromosomes from spermiogenesis steps 1 to 7 (round spermatids), we observed a sharp increase in fluorescence intensity with DAPI or SYTO 16 around the onset of nuclear reorganization and chromatin remodeling (spermiogenesis step 8) reaching a peak at the onset of nuclear condensation (spermiogenesis steps 11-12). Following condensation of the nucleus, DNA staining intensity decreases until spermiation (spermiogenesis step 16). We surmised that this was likely associated with the formation of their peculiar chromatin structure transition where histones are replaced by protamines. We therefore developed a reliable flow cytometry method that allows the separation of spermatids using the variation of DNA intensity of spermatids as a main selection parameter.
A simple flow cytometry approach is described to separate mouse spermatids with high purity (95-100%) based on their apparent DNA content (SYTO16 staining), size and granulosity. Spermatids are separated into four populations; spermiogenesis steps 1-9, 10-12, 13-14 and 15-16. Purified spermatids are suitable for genetic/genomic analysis, as well as proteomic applications as described in a recent publication from our group9.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
精子形成細胞は常に精上皮の複雑さだけでなく、in vitro培養の限られた成功を与えて研究する挑戦されています。長年にわたり、様々な種から生殖細胞を精製するための多くの手法が開発されました。パーコールまたはウシ血清アルブミン勾配で重力を用いて沈降精製技術は通常、無傷の胚細胞の良好な収率を提供するが、このような減数分裂四倍体細胞および精子細胞10のよ?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
著者は、落射蛍光顕微鏡に関する技術的助言のための博士レオニードボルコフとEricブシャールに感謝したいです。
財政的援助
GBに（＃1 MOP-93781を付与）カナダ衛生研究所によって資金を供給
Materials
| Isoflurane | ABBOT | 05260-05 | For mouse anesthesia before euthanasia |
| Fetal bovine serum | Wisent | 90150 | For tube coating |
| 1X PBS | |||
| EDTA | BioShop | EDT | For sorting buffer preparation |
| HEPES | Sigma | H | For sorting buffer preparation |
| 100 % Ethanol | Les alcools de commerce | 092-09-11N | For cell fixation |
| SYTO 16 | Life Technologies | S7578 | DNA staining |
| 5 ml polypropylene round bottom tubes | BD Falcon | 352063 | Sorted cells collection |
| 15 ml polypropylene conical bottom tubes | PROgene | 1500 | |
| 50 ml polypropylene conical bottom tubes | PROgene | 5000 | |
| TEC4 anaesthetic vaporizer | Ohmeda | 1160526 | For mouse euthanasia |
| CO2 gas tank | Praxair | C799117902 | For mouse euthanasia |
| O2 gas tank | Praxair | O254130501 | For mouse euthanasia |
| Homemade mouse gas chamber | For mouse euthanasia | ||
| 40 µm Falcon cell strainer | Corning Incorporated | 352340 | |
| 50-micron sample line filters | BD Biosciences | 649049 | |
| Vortex mixer | Labnet international, inc. | S0200 | For cell fixation |
| Dynac centrifuge | Clay Adams | 101 | |
| Celltrics 50 µm filters | Partec | 04-004-2327 | |
| 488 nm laser-euipped cell sorter | BD Biosciences | FACSAria III | |
| Accudop Fluorescent Beads | BD Biosciences | 345249 | |
| Sorting Buffer: 1X PBS, 1mM EDTA pH 8.0, 25mM HEPES pH 7.0, 1%FBS | FBS is heat-inactivated. Make fresh solution, 0.22 μm filtered and keep at 4°C. |
References
- Sato, T., et al. In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes. Nature. 471 (7339), 504-507 (2011).
- Sato, T., et al. In vitro production of fertile sperm from murine spermatogonial stem cell lines. Nat. Commun. 2, 472 (2011).
- Sun, X., Kovacs, T., Hu, Y. -. J., Yang, W. -. X. The role of actin and myosin during spermatogenesis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38 (6), 3993-4001 (2011).
- Cheng, C. Y., Mruk, D. D. Cell junction dynamics in the testis: Sertoli-germ cell interactions and male contraceptive development. Physiol. Rev. 82, 825-874 (2002).
- Laiho, A., Kotaja, N., Gyenesei, A., Sironen, A. Transcriptome profiling of the murine testis during the first wave of spermatogenesis. PLoS ONE. 8 (4), (2013).
- Leduc, F., Maquennehan, V., Nkoma, G. B., Boissonneault, G. DNA damage response during chromatin remodeling in elongating spermatids of mice. Biol. Reprod. 78 (2), 324-332 (2008).
- Meistrich, M. L., Mohapatra, B., Shirley, C. R., Zhao, M. Roles of transition nuclear proteins in spermiogenesis. Chromosoma. 111 (8), 483-488 (2003).
- Grégoire, M. -. C., et al. Male-driven de novo mutations in haploid germ cells. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 19 (8), 495-499 (2013).
- Simard, O., et al. Instability of trinucleotidic repeats during chromatin remodeling in spermatids. Hum. Mutat. , (2014).
- Wykes, S. M., Krawetz, S. Separation of spermatogenic cells from adult transgenic mouse testes using unit-gravity sedimentation. Mol. Biotechnol. 25 (2), 131-138 (2003).
- Yoshida, S., et al. The first round of mouse spermatogenesis is a distinctive program that lacks the self-renewing spermatogonia stage. Development (Cambridge, England). 133 (8), 1495-1505 (2006).
- Moreno, R. D., Lizama, C., Urzúa, N., Vergara, S. P., Reyes, J. G. Caspase activation throughout the first wave of spermatogenesis in the rat. Cell Tissue Res. 325 (3), 533-540 (2006).
- Meistrich, M. L., Trostle-Weige, P. K., Van Beek, M. E. Separation of specific stages of spermatids from vitamin A-synchronized rat testes for assessment of nucleoprotein changes during spermiogenesis. Biol. Reprod. 51 (2), 334-344 (1994).
- van Pelt, A. M., de Rooij, D. G. Synchronization of the seminiferous epithelium after vitamin A replacement in vitamin A-deficient mice. Biol. Reprod. 43, 363-367 (1990).
- Getun, I. V., Torres, B., Bois, P. R. J. Flow cytometry purification of mouse meiotic cells. J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).
- Kovtun, I. V., McMurray, C. T. Trinucleotide expansion in haploid germ cells by gap repair. Nature Genet. 27 (4), 407-411 (2001).
- Bastos, H., et al. Flow cytometric characterization of viable meiotic and postmeiotic cells by Hoechst 33342 in mouse spermatogenesis. Cytometry A. 65 (1), 40-49 (2005).
- Lassalle, B., Ziyyat, A., Testart, J., Finaz, C., Lefèvre, A. Flow cytometric method to isolate round spermatids from mouse testis. Hum. Reprod. 14 (2), 388-394 (1999).
