Generazione di cellule staminali Integrazione-libero umano pluripotenti indotte Utilizzando capelli derivati da cheratinociti
Summary
This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.
Abstract
Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.
Introduction
La scoperta di umani cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (hiPSCs) ha rivoluzionato il campo della medicina rigenerativa, che fornisce un metodo fattibile per la generazione di cellule staminali paziente-specifici 1-3. hiPSCs sono stati generati con successo da vari tipi di cellule somatiche, inclusi i fibroblasti, cellule ematopoietiche 4,5 6,7, cellule epiteliali renali di urina 8 e cheratinociti 9,10. Fino ad oggi, i fibroblasti della pelle e cellule ematopoietiche rappresentano le fonti di cellule più comunemente usati per la generazione iPSCs paziente-specifici. Probabilmente, questo è dovuto al fatto che le biopsie cutanee e raccolta del sangue sono procedure mediche di routine e grandi biobanche di sangue o di pelle campioni di pazienti sono stati stabiliti in molti paesi.
A differenza di cellule del sangue e fibroblasti cutanei che richiedono metodi di estrazione invasivi, cheratinociti rappresentano un tipo di cellula facilmente accessibile per la generazione hiPSC. Keratinocytes sono cellule epiteliali ricchi di cheratina che formano la barriera epidermica esterno della pelle e si trovano anche in unghie e capelli 11. In particolare, cheratinociti possono essere trovati sulla guaina esterna della radice (ORS) dei follicoli piliferi, uno strato cellulare esterno che copriva il fusto del capello insieme con la guaina interna della radice (IRS) celle (12, figura 1). Come la raccolta dei capelli è una procedura semplice che non richiede l'assistenza di personale medico, si prevede la possibilità per i pazienti di recuperare ed inviare i propri campioni di capelli ai laboratori, il che faciliterà enormemente la raccolta dei campioni dei pazienti per la generazione hiPSC. Cheratinociti epidermici hanno una maggiore efficienza riprogrammazione e cinetica riprogrammazione più veloci rispetto ai fibroblasti, aggiungendo i vantaggi di utilizzare cheratinociti come le cellule di partenza per hiPSC generazione 9,13. Inoltre, hiPSCs può essere generato anche utilizzando altre popolazioni di cellule all'interno del follicolo pilifero,comprese le cellule della papilla dermica situate alla base del 14,15 follicolo pilifero.
Precedenti rapporti di generazione IPSC utilizzando cellule dei capelli derivate utilizzano spesso metodi di riprogrammazione retrovirali o basati lentivirali-9,14,15. Tuttavia, questi metodi virali introducono integrazione genomica indesiderabile dei transgeni esteri durante la riprogrammazione. In confronto, l'uso di vettori episomiale rappresenta un metodo di riprogrammazione fattibile, non virale per generare iPSCs senza integrazione 4. Abbiamo già messo a punto un metodo semplice, economico e non virale per riprogrammare efficientemente cheratinociti in hiPSCs utilizzando vettori episomiale 13. Qui forniamo un protocollo dettagliato per la generazione di hiPSCs cheratinociti derivate, compresa la derivazione di cheratinociti da capelli strappato, espansione e manutenzione dei cheratinociti e successiva riprogrammazione per generare hiPSCs.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Generazione di hiPSCs paziente-specifici offre un approccio unico per lo studio patogenesi nei tipi di cellule malate in vitro, e fornisce anche una piattaforma per lo screening di stupefacenti per identificare nuove molecole in grado di salvare i fenotipi di malattia. Questo approccio di modellazione malattia utilizzando hiPSCs ha dato risultati promettenti per una varietà di malattie, tra cui la sindrome del QT lungo, malattia di Huntington, il morbo di Parkinson e la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica 22.</…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Harene Ranjithakumaran and Stacey Jackson for technical support. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (R.C.B. Wong, A. Pébay), the University of Melbourne (R.C.B. Wong), Retina Australia (R.C.B. Wong, S.S.C. Hung, A. Pébay) and the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia (R.C.B. Wong, S.S.C. Hung, A. Pébay); Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (A. Pébay, FT140100047), Cranbourne Foundation Fellowship (R.C.B. Wong); intramural funding from the National Institutes for Health (R.C.B. Wong, S.S.C. Hung) and operational infrastructure support from the Victorian Government.
Materials
| Antibiotic Mix: | |||
| 250 ng/ml Antimycotic amphotericin B | Sigma | A2942-20ml | Antibiotic mix is made up in PBS. |
| 1X Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | |
| PBS (-) | Invitrogen | 14190-144 | |
| Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) medium: | KSR medium is filtered using Stericup (Millipore, #SCGPU05RE) before use. bFGF is added fresh to the media before use. | ||
| 20% knockout serum replacement (KSR) | Invitrogen | 10828-028 | |
| DMEM/F12 with glutamax | Invitrogen | 10565-042 | |
| 1× MEM non-essential amino acid | Invitrogen | 11140-050 | |
| 0.5× Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | |
| 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol | Invitrogen | 21985 | |
| bFGF (10 ng/ml, added fresh) | Millipore | GF003 | |
| Keratinocyte medium: | |||
| EpiLife with 60 µM Calcium | Invitrogen | M-EPI-500-CA | |
| 1× Human keratinocyte growth supplement (HKGS) | Invitrogen | S-001-5 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) medium: | FBS medium is filtered using Stericup (Millipore, #SCGPU05RE) before use. | ||
| 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) | Invitrogen | 26140079 | |
| DMEM | Invitrogen | 11995-073 | |
| 0.5× Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | |
| 2 mM L-glutamine | Invitrogen | 25030 | |
| 0.25% trypsin-EDTA | Invitrogen | 25200-056 | |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM): | |||
| Matrigel | Corning | 354234 | Aliquot Matrigel stock and store in -80°C following manufacturer’s instructions. Stock concentration of Matrigel varies slightly from batch to batch (~9mg/ml). We recommend to use 200µl matrigel for coating a 12-well plate (~150µg/well). |
| Coating Matrix Kit | Invitrogen | R-011-K | |
| Plasmids: | Note that pCXLE-eGFP is only used for monitoring transfection efficiency and is not required for reprogramming. | ||
| - pCXLE-eGFP | Addgene | 27082 | |
| - pCXLE-hOct3/4-shP53F | Addgene | 27077 | |
| - pCXLE-hSK | Addgene | 27078 | |
| - pCXLE-hUL | Addgene | 27080 | |
| Transfection reagent Fugene HD | Promega | E231B | |
| Gelatin (from porcine skin) | Sigma | G1890 | Make up 0.1% gelatin in distilled water. Autoclave before use. |
| Reduced Serum medium: OPTI-MEM | Invitrogen | 31985062 | |
| Accutase | Sigma | A6964-100ml | |
| Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder | MEF can be inactivated by mitomycin C treatment or irradiation as described previously 16. | ||
| 26G needle | Terumo | NN2613R | |
| 6-well plate (tissue culture treated) | BD Biosciences | 353046 | |
| 12-well plate (tissue culture treated) | BD Biosciences | 353043 | |
| 10 cm dish (tissue culture treated) | BD Biosciences | 353003 | |
| Dispase | Invitrogen | 17105-041 | Use at 10mg/ml |
| Collagenase IV | Invitrogen | 17104-019 | Use at 1mg/ml |
| TRA-160 antibody | Millipore | MAB4360 | Use at 5µg/ml |
| OCT4 antibody | Santa Cruz | SC-5279 | Use at 5µg/ml |
| NANOG antibody | R&D Systems | AF1997 | Use at 10µg/ml |
| MycoAlert Detection kit | Lonza | LT07-418 |
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