Il Swim test forzato come modello di depressione-come Behavior
Summary
This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.
Abstract
The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.
Introduction
La depressione è un disturbo psichiatrico pericolo di vita e un importante problema di salute pubblica in tutto il mondo, con una incidenza del 5% e una prevalenza una tantum del 15-20%. Inoltre, si stima che entro il 2020 la depressione sarà tra i primi tre contribuenti l'onere della malattia 1,2. La depressione è associata a disabilità, riduzione della qualità della vita, l'aumento dei costi relativi alla salute ed è considerato un fattore di rischio principale per molte malattie, tra cui cardiovascolari, metaboliche e disturbi neuropsichiatrici 3,4 .Current trattamenti farmaco-terapeutica hanno limitato l'efficacia e sono associati con molti effetti collaterali deleteri 5,6. Pertanto, una migliore comprensione della fisiopatologia di questo disturbo insieme con lo sviluppo di trattamenti innovativi e migliorati rimane fondamentale. Quindi, modelli animali sono essenziali per promuovere la ricerca in questo campo.
Ci sono molti modelli utilizzati per lo studio di questo disturbo (<em> eg test di preferenza saccarosio test di sospensione coda) con il test del nuoto forzato (FST, noto anche come test di Porsolt dopo l'autore di questo modello 7,8) essendo uno dei test più comunemente utilizzati 7,9-12.
Durante la FST un animale viene posto in un contenitore pieno d'acqua da cui non può sfuggire. L'animale sarà in primo luogo cercare di scappare, ma alla fine sarà presente l'immobilità (cioè galleggiante con l'assenza di qualsiasi movimento ad eccezione di quelli necessari per mantenere il naso sopra l'acqua). La FST è un modello molto popolare in ricerca animale per una serie di motivi. Innanzitutto, essa comporta l'esposizione degli animali a stress, che è stato dimostrato di avere un ruolo nella tendenza depressione maggiore 12-14. Inoltre la depressione è spesso visto come una mancanza di capacità di gestire lo stress 15-17. In secondo luogo, il trattamento farmacologico con antidepressivi prima della prova, è stato dimostrato per ridurre immobilità nel FST <sup> 18-23. Pertanto, è spesso utilizzato come test di screening per i nuovi composti con potenziali proprietà antidepressive 15-17,24. Inoltre, la FST ha dimostrato di condividere alcuni dei fattori che sono influenzati o alterati da depressione negli esseri umani, come ad esempio i cambiamenti dei consumi alimentari, alterazioni del sonno e anedonia 15-17,24 droga-ritiro-indotta. Questo è anche il motivo per cui questo test è talvolta usato per valutare il comportamento depressivo-simile nei topi mutanti, con aumento o diminuzione della immobilità basale (rispetto al 'wild-type' topi) 25,26.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Il FST è utilizzato per monitorare il comportamento depressivo simile e si basa sul presupposto che l'immobilità riflette una misura di disperazione comportamentale 3. I principali vantaggi di questa procedura risiede nella sua relativamente facile funzionamento e risultati veloci. Inoltre, la sua sensibilità ad una vasta gamma di farmaci antidepressivi che lo rende un test di screening adatto è una delle caratteristiche più importanti che conducono alla sua elevata validità predittiva 29.</sup…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description | |
| Computer | Dell | intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram | ||
| Camera | VIDO | AU-CB422 | B/W CCD CAMERA http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2 |
|
| Coding software | Biobserve | FST Analysis http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html |
||
| Heating lamp | Ikea | AA-19025-3 | ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf |
|
| Heating pillow | Sachs | EF-188B | 38*38cm Heating pillow http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id= 604 |
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