המבחן לשחות בכפייה כמודל להתנהגות דמוית דיכאון
Summary
This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.
Abstract
The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.
Introduction
דיכאון הוא הפרעה פסיכיאטרית סכנת חיים ודאגה לבריאות הציבור גדולה ברחבי העולם עם שכיחות של 5% ושכיחות לאורך חיים של 15-20%. יתר על כן, ההערכה היא כי בשנת 2020 דיכאון יהיה בשלושה תורמים העליונים לניטל המחלה 1,2. דיכאון קשור עם נכות, ירידה באיכות החיים, הגדילה את עלויות הקשורות לבריאות, והוא נחשב לגורם סיכון עיקרי למחלות רבות, כולל לב וכלי דם, חילוף חומרים והפרעות נוירו-פסיכיאטריות ש3,4 טיפולי pharmaco-טיפולי .Current יעילות מוגבלים ומשויכים הרבה תופעות לוואי מזיק 5,6. לכן, הבנה טובה יותר של הפתופיזיולוגיה של הפרעה זו לצד עם פיתוחם של טיפולים חדשניים ומשופרים נשארת חיונית. לפיכך, מודלים של בעלי החיים הם חיוניים לקידום מחקר בתחום זה.
ישנם דגמים רבים המשמשים למחקר של הפרעה זו (<em> לדוגמא מבחן העדפת סוכרוז, מבחן השעיה זנב) במבחן נאלץ לשחות (FST, הידוע גם במבחן של Porsolt לאחר מפתחת מודל זה 7,8) להיות אחד מבחני הנפוצים ביותר 7,9-12.
במהלך FST חיה ממוקמת במכל מלא במים שממנו לא יכול לברוח. בעלי החיים יהיו ראשון לנסות לברוח אבל בסופו יפגינו חוסר תנועה (כלומר צף עם היעדר כל תנועה, פרט לאלה נחוצים לשמירה על האף מעל מים). FST הוא מודל פופולרי מאוד במחקר בבעלי חיים לכמה סיבות. ראשית, הוא כרוך בחשיפה של בעלי החיים ללחץ, שהוצג ליש להם תפקיד בנטייה לדיכאון גדול 12-14. יתר על כן דיכאון נתפס לעתים קרובות כחוסר היכולת להתמודד עם לחץ 15-17. שנית, טיפול תרופתי בתרופות נוגדות דיכאון לפני הבדיקה הוכח להפחית חוסר תנועה בFST <sup> 18-23. לכן, הוא משמש לעתים קרובות כassay הקרנה לתרכובות רומן עם תכונות נוגדות דיכאון פוטנציאל 15-17,24. בנוסף, FST הוכח לשתף חלק מהגורמים שמושפעים או הוחלפו על ידי דיכאון בבני אדם, כגון שינויים בצריכת מזון, הפרעות שינה ותרופה-נסיגה-induced anhedonia 15-17,24. זו גם הסיבה לכך שהבדיקה זו משמשת לעתים כדי להעריך התנהגות דמוית דיכאון בעכברים שעברו מוטציה, עם גידול או קיטון בחוסר תנועה בסיסית (בהשוואה לעכברים "wild-type ') 25,26.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
FST משמש כדי לפקח על התנהגות דיכאונית-כמו והוא מבוסס על ההנחה שחוסר תנועה משקפת מידה מסוימת של ייאוש התנהגותי 3. היתרונות העיקריים של הליך זה לשכב בפעולה קלה יחסית ותוצאות מהירות. יתר על כן, הרגישות שלה למגוון רחב של תרופות נוגדות דיכאון שהופך אותו לבדיקת סקר מתאי…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description | |
| Computer | Dell | intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram | ||
| Camera | VIDO | AU-CB422 | B/W CCD CAMERA http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2 |
|
| Coding software | Biobserve | FST Analysis http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html |
||
| Heating lamp | Ikea | AA-19025-3 | ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf |
|
| Heating pillow | Sachs | EF-188B | 38*38cm Heating pillow http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id= 604 |
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