والسباحة الاختبار القسري كنموذج للاكتئاب مثل السلوك
Summary
This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.
Abstract
The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.
Introduction
الاكتئاب هو اضطراب نفسي التي تهدد الحياة ومصدر قلق كبير للصحة العامة في جميع أنحاء العالم مع حدوث 5٪ وانتشار عمر 15-20٪. وعلاوة على ذلك، تشير التقديرات إلى أنه بحلول عام 2020 سوف يكون الاكتئاب في أكبر ثلاثة مساهمين في عبء المرض 1،2. ويرتبط الاكتئاب مع العجز، وانخفاض نوعية الحياة، وزيادة التكاليف ذات الصلة بالصحة، ويعتبر عامل خطر رئيسي لكثير من الأمراض، بما في ذلك القلب والأوعية الدموية، والتمثيل الغذائي والاضطرابات العصبية والنفسية 3،4 العلاجات الصيدلانية العلاجية .Current فعالية محدودة ومرتبطة مع العديد من الآثار الجانبية الضارة 5،6. ولذلك، فهم أفضل من الفيزيولوجيا المرضية لهذا الاضطراب إلى جانب مع تطوير علاجات مبتكرة وتحسين يبقى حاسما. وبالتالي، النماذج الحيوانية ضرورية لدفع عجلة البحث العلمي في هذا المجال.
هناك العديد من النماذج المستخدمة لدراسة هذا الاضطراب (<م> مثل السكروز اختبار تفضيل، واختبار الذيل تعليق) مع اختبار السباحة القسري (FST، المعروف أيضا باسم اختبار Porsolt بعد المطور من هذا الطراز 7،8) كونها واحدة من المقايسات الأكثر شيوعا 7،9-12.
خلال FST يتم وضع الحيوان في وعاء مملوء بالماء الذي لا يمكن الفرار. سوف تحاول الحيوان أول من الهرب ولكن في نهاية المطاف سوف يحمل الجمود (أي العائمة مع عدم وجود أي حركة باستثناء تلك التدابير اللازمة للحفاظ على الأنف فوق الماء). وFST هو نموذج بشعبية كبيرة في البحوث الحيوانية لعدد من الأسباب. أولا، أنه ينطوي على تعرض الحيوانات للإجهاد، والذي يظهر أن يكون لها دور في الميل للاكتئاب كبير 12-14. وعلاوة على ذلك غالبا ما ينظر الاكتئاب وعدم وجود القدرة على التعامل مع الإجهاد 15-17. ثانيا، وقد تبين العلاج الدوائي مع مضادات الاكتئاب قبل الاختبار للحد من الجمود في FST <سوب> 18-23. لذلك، غالبا ما يتم استخدامه بمثابة فحص لفحص مركبات جديدة ذات خصائص مضادة للاكتئاب المحتملة 15-17،24. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فقد تبين أن FST لتقاسم بعض من العوامل التي تتأثر أو تغييرها من قبل الاكتئاب في البشر، مثل التغيرات في استهلاك الغذاء، وتشوهات النوم والمخدرات انسحاب الناجم عن انعدام التلذذ 15-17،24. وهذا هو أيضا السبب في أن يستخدم هذا الاختبار في بعض الأحيان لتقييم السلوك مثل الاكتئاب في الفئران الطافرة، مع زيادة أو نقصان في الجمود القاعدية (مقارنة ب "البرية من نوع" الفئران) 25،26.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
يتم استخدام FST لمراقبة السلوك الاكتئابي مثل ويقوم على افتراض أن الجمود يعكس قدرا من اليأس السلوكي 3. المزايا الرئيسية لهذا الإجراء تكمن في عملها سهلة نسبيا، ونتائج سريعة. وعلاوة على ذلك، والحساسية لمجموعة واسعة من العقاقير المضادة للاكتئاب التي تجعل من اختبار ?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description | |
| Computer | Dell | intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram | ||
| Camera | VIDO | AU-CB422 | B/W CCD CAMERA http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2 |
|
| Coding software | Biobserve | FST Analysis http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html |
||
| Heating lamp | Ikea | AA-19025-3 | ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf |
|
| Heating pillow | Sachs | EF-188B | 38*38cm Heating pillow http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id= 604 |
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