In psychology, reinforcement is a key concept in behavior modification. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments involving rats in what is known as a Skinner box. The rats learned to press a lever to receive food, a primary reinforcer that fulfilled their innate need for nourishment.
Effective reinforcers for humans vary depending on the individual and the context. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, sleep, shelter, and pleasure, have inherent value and satisfy basic biological needs. For instance, promising a toy to a child for cleaning their room or giving candy to a soccer player for scoring a goal are examples of using primary reinforcers.
In contrast, secondary reinforcers derive their value through association with primary reinforcers. Praise, money, and stickers are common secondary reinforcers. Praise, such as appreciation for good grades, is valuable because it is associated with affection and social approval. Money is useful because it can be exchanged for primary reinforcers like food or secondary reinforcers like entertainment. Stickers, often used in behavior charts, gain value when they can be traded for rewards.
Token economies utilize secondary reinforcers in structured behavior management systems. Tokens, like poker chips or stars, are awarded for desired behaviors and can later be exchanged for rewards. This system is effective in various settings, including schools, prisons, and mental health facilities. For example, studies have shown that token economies can improve social behaviors and academic performance. In one study, children earned tokens for not exhibiting aggressive behaviors and could exchange these tokens for playtime.
Reinforcement can be achieved through primary reinforcers, which fulfill basic needs, and secondary reinforcers, which acquire value through association with primary reinforcers. Token economies leverage secondary reinforcers to modify behavior across diverse environments effectively.
