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Chapter 6

Thermochemie

Chapter 6

Thermochemistry

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. Chemical changes and their accompanying …
Energy Conservation Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form …
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with …
Thermal Energy  Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a …
As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the …
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum …
For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the …
Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a …
Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant …
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally …
Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly …
Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products …
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a well-described technique that measures the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction, using it as …
A novel electrochemical cell based on a CaF2 solid-state electrolyte has been developed to measure the electromotive force (emf) of binary alkaline …
The computational study of the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols requires an accurate Gibbs free energy surface, which can be obtained from gas …