Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.
Sliwinska, M. W., Vitello, S., Devlin, J. T. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course. J. Vis. Exp. (89), e51735, doi:10.3791/51735 (2014).