1. Coat Coverslips with Antibody
2. Activate NK Cells on Coverslips; Fix and Permeabilize
3. Stain Cells
4. Mount Coverslips on Slides
5. Experimental Setup
6. Optimization of Settings
7. Image Acquisition
8. Deconvolution
Clearly, a primary goal of super-resolution imaging will be an improvement over conventional confocal microscopy. However, there are some common pitfalls that may lead to suboptimal resolution. These require that each experiment be optimized individually. In our representative experiment, we are imaging the F-actin network in an NK cell activated by antibody bound to glass. Common causes of (and corrections for) a lack of improved resolution of STED over confocal are as follows:
By achieving the correct balance of pixel dwell time, excitation laser power, and depletion laser power, an image with improved resolution and sufficient information can be generated (Figure 1c). Resolution can be further improved by the use of deconvolution (Figure 1d). When acquisition is optimized, deconvolution will improve resolution both qualitatively and quantitatively and sub-100 nm resolution should be routinely attainable.
Figure 1. Optimization of acquisition and common pitfalls of STED imaging. NK92 cells were activated on anti-CD18 and -NKp30 coated glass for 20 min then fixed, permeabilized and stained for F-actin with Phalloidin Alexa Fluor 488. a) An example of loss of image information due to under-sampling. b) An example of loss of resolution due to bleaching/over-sampling c) conditions optimized d) optimized conditions lead to greater improvement in resolution with deconvolution. Scale bar = 5 μm.
#1.5 cover slips | VWR | 48393-172 | |
BD Cytofix/Cytoperm | BD Biosciences | 554722 | |
Bovine serum albumin | Sigma | A2153 | |
Cotton tipped applicator | Fisher Scientific | S450941 | |
Falcon centrifuge tubes (50 ml) | VWR | 352070 | |
Fetal calf serum (FCS) (500 mL) | Atlantic Biologicals | S11050 | |
Goat anti-rabbit Pacific Orange | Life Technologies | P31584 | |
Laboratory tissue wipers | VWR | 82003-820 | |
Nail polish | VWR | 100491-940 | |
NK-92 cells | ATCC | CRL-2407 | |
Phalloidin Alexa Fluor 488 | Life Technologies | A12379 | |
Phosphate buffered saline | Life Technologies | 14190250 | |
Prolong anti-fade reagent | Life Technologies | P7481 | |
Purified anti-CD18 | Biolegend | 301202 | |
Purified anti-NKp30 | Biolegend | 325202 | |
Purified anti-perforin | Biolegend | 308102 | |
RPMI 1640 medium (500 mL) | Life Technologies | 11875-093 | |
Saponin from Quillaja bark | Sigma | S4521 | |
Super PAP pen | Life Technologies | 008899 | |
Triton X-100 | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 22142 | |
Material Name | Company | Catalogue Number | Comments (optional) |
Huygens deconvolution software | SVI | Contact company | |
Leica SP8 TCS STED microscope | Leica Microsystems | Contact company |
Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in <80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.
Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in <80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.
Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in <80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.