Summary

使用黑腹果蝇对年龄相关睡眠障碍进行高通量小分子药物筛选

Published: October 20, 2023
doi:

Summary

提出了一种高通量药物筛选方案,通过监测老年果蝇模型中 果蝇 的睡眠行为来改善睡眠。

Abstract

睡眠是健康和整体幸福的重要组成部分,经常给老年人带来挑战,他们经常经历睡眠障碍,其特征是睡眠持续时间缩短和模式碎片化。这些睡眠中断也与老年人患各种疾病的风险增加有关,包括糖尿病、心血管疾病和心理障碍。不幸的是,现有的睡眠障碍药物与严重的副作用有关,例如认知障碍和成瘾。因此,迫切需要开发新的、更安全、更有效的睡眠障碍药物。然而,目前药物筛选方法的高成本和漫长的实验时间仍然是限制因素。

该协议描述了一种具有成本效益和高通量的筛选方法,该方法利用 黑腹果蝇,与哺乳动物相比,果蝇具有高度保守的睡眠调节机制,使其成为研究老年人睡眠障碍的理想模型。通过给老年苍蝇施用各种小化合物,我们可以评估它们对睡眠障碍的影响。这些苍蝇的睡眠行为使用红外监测设备记录,并使用开源数据包睡眠和昼夜节律分析MATLAB程序2020(SCAMP2020)进行分析。该协议为睡眠调节提供了一种低成本、可重复且高效的筛查方法。果蝇由于其生命周期短、饲养成本低、易于处理,是该方法的绝佳对象。举例来说,其中一种测试药物利血平证明了促进老年苍蝇睡眠时间的能力,突出了该协议的有效性。

Introduction

睡眠是人类生存所必需的基本行为之一,其特征有两种主要状态:快速眼动(REM)睡眠和非快速眼动(NREM)睡眠1。NREM睡眠包括三个阶段:N1(清醒和睡眠之间的过渡)、N2(浅睡眠)和N3(深度睡眠、慢波睡眠),代表从清醒到深度睡眠的进展1。睡眠对身心健康起着至关重要的作用2.然而,衰老会降低成人的总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、慢波睡眠百分比和快速眼动睡眠百分比3.与慢波睡眠相比,老年人倾向于花更多的时间在浅睡眠中,使他们对夜间觉醒更敏感。随着觉醒次数的增加,平均睡眠时间减少,导致老年人睡眠模式碎片化,这可能与小鼠 Hcrt 神经元的过度兴奋有关4.此外,与年龄相关的昼夜节律机制下降有助于睡眠持续时间的早期转变 5,6。结合身体疾病、心理压力、环境因素和药物使用,这些因素使老年人更容易患上睡眠障碍,如失眠、快速眼动睡眠行为障碍、发作性睡病、周期性腿部运动、不宁腿综合征和睡眠呼吸障碍 7,8

流行病学研究表明,睡眠障碍与老年人慢性疾病密切相关9,包括抑郁症10,心血管疾病11和痴呆12。解决睡眠障碍在改善和治疗慢性病以及提高老年人的生活质量方面发挥着至关重要的作用。目前,患者主要依靠苯二氮卓类药物、非苯二氮卓类药物和褪黑激素受体激动剂等药物来改善睡眠质量13.然而,苯二氮卓类药物在长期使用后可导致受体下调和依赖性,在停药后引起严重的戒断症状14,15。非苯二氮卓类药物也有风险,包括痴呆16、骨折17 和癌症18。常用的褪黑激素受体激动剂雷美替胺可减少睡眠潜伏期,但不会增加睡眠持续时间,并且由于广泛的首过消除而存在肝功能相关问题19.阿戈美拉汀是一种褪黑激素受体激动剂和血清素受体拮抗剂,可改善与抑郁症相关的失眠,但也存在肝损伤的风险20。因此,迫切需要更安全的药物来治疗或缓解睡眠障碍。然而,目前基于分子和细胞实验的药物筛选策略,结合自动化系统和计算机分析,既昂贵又耗时21。基于结构的药物设计策略,依赖于受体结构和性质,需要对受体三维结构有清晰的认识,缺乏对药物作用的预测能力22

2000 年,根据 Campbell 和 Tobler 在 1984 23 年提出的睡眠标准,研究人员建立了简单的动物模型来研究睡眠 24,包括果蝇黑腹果蝇,它表现出类似睡眠的状态25,26尽管果蝇和人类在解剖学上存在差异,但许多调节果蝇睡眠的神经化学成分和信号通路在哺乳动物睡眠中是保守的,从而促进了人类神经系统疾病的研究27,28果蝇也广泛用于昼夜节律研究,尽管果蝇和哺乳动物之间的核心振荡器存在差异29,30,31。因此,果蝇是研究睡眠行为和进行睡眠相关药物筛选的有价值的模式生物。

本研究提出了一种具有成本效益且简单的基于表型的方法,用于筛选使用老年苍蝇治疗睡眠障碍的小分子药物。 果蝇 的睡眠调节是高度保守的25,随着年龄的增长观察到的睡眠下降可能通过给药是可逆的。因此,这种基于睡眠表型的筛选方法可以直观地反映药物疗效。我们用正在研究的药物和食物的混合物喂养果蝇,使用 果蝇 活动监测器(DAM)32监测和记录睡眠行为,并使用MATLAB中的开源SCAMP2020数据包分析采集的数据(图1)。使用统计和绘图软件进行统计分析(见 材料表)。例如,我们通过展示利血平的实验数据来证明该协议的有效性,利血平是一种据报道可增加睡眠的囊泡单胺转运蛋白的小分子抑制剂33。该协议提供了一种有价值的方法来识别用于治疗与年龄相关的睡眠问题的药物。

Protocol

该协议使用来自布卢明顿果蝇库存中心的30天大w1118苍蝇(BDSC_3605,参见材料表)。 1.陈年果蝇的制备 食物准备通过混合 50 g/L 玉米片、110 g/L 糖、5 g/L 琼脂和 25 g/L 酵母来制备标准玉米淀粉培养基。用水加热玉米片和酵母糊化,然后将所有物质完全溶解。 当培养基冷却至50-60°C时,加入6 mL/L丙酸,并迅速装?…

Representative Results

利血平是囊泡单胺转运蛋白 (VMAT) 的小分子抑制剂,可抑制单胺重新摄取到突触前囊泡中,导致睡眠增加33。在 30 日龄的果蝇中检查了利血平的睡眠促进作用,对照组仅喂食溶剂二甲基亚砜 (DMSO)。在利血平组中,与DMSO组相比,老年果蝇在白天和晚上的睡眠都显着增加。图5A,E显示了连续三天利血平和DMSO苍蝇的睡眠模式,而图5B-D和图<stron…

Discussion

所述方法适用于中小型安眠药物的快速筛选。目前,大多数主流的高通量药物筛选方法都是基于生化和细胞水平。例如,检查受体的结构和性质以寻找可以与其结合的特定配体22。另一种方法是使用核磁共振 (NMR) 和质谱法35 分析所选药物分子片段的结合模式和强度。然而,这些方法往往具有相对较高的筛选错误率,通过它们选择的药物在动物或临床实验中往…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢韩俊海教授实验室成员的讨论和评论。这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金32170970 to Y.T和江苏省“花青蓝项目”的支持。

Materials

Ager BIOFROXX 8211KG001
Artificial Climate Box PRANDT PRX-1000A official website:https://www.nbplt17.com/PLTXBS-Products-20643427/
DAM2 Drosophila Activity Monitor TriKineics DAM2 official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/
DAM2system TriKineics version:v3.03 official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/
DAMFileScan TriKineics version:1.0.7.0 official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/
Dimethyl Sulfoxide SIGMA 276855
Drosophila Activity Monitoring Incubator Tritech Research DT2-CIRC-TK official website:https://www.tritechresearch.com/DT2-CIRC-TK.html
Drosophila Bottles Biologix 51-17720 official website:http://biologixgroup.com/goods.php?id=48
Drosophila: w1118 Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center  BDSC_3605
Excel Microsoft version:Excel 2016 official website:https://www.microsoftstore.com.cn/software/office/excel
Glass tubes TriKinetics PPT5x65 official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/
MATLABR2022b MathWorks version:9.13.0.2049777 official website:https://ww2.mathworks.cn/products/matlab.html
Prism GraphPad Version:Prism 8.0.1 official website:https://www.graphpad.com/features
Reserpine MACKLIN R817202-1g
Saccharose SIGMA 1245GR500
SCAMP Vecsey Lab N/A official website:https://academics.skidmore.edu/blogs/cvecsey/

Referências

  1. Le Bon, O. Relationships between REM and NREM in the NREM-REM sleep cycle: a review on competing concepts. Sleep Medicine. 70, 6-16 (2020).
  2. Krueger, J. M., Frank, M. G., Wisor, J. P., Roy, S. Sleep function: Toward elucidating an enigma. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 28, 46-54 (2016).
  3. Ohayon, M. M., Carskadon, M. A., Guilleminault, C., Vitiello, M. V. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep. 27 (7), 1255-1273 (2004).
  4. Li, S. B., et al. Hyperexcitable arousal circuits drive sleep instability during aging. Science. 375 (6583), eabh3021 (2022).
  5. Rodriguez, J. C., Dzierzewski, J. M., Alessi, C. A. Sleep problems in the elderly. Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (2), 431-439 (2015).
  6. Gulia, K. K., Kumar, V. M. Sleep disorders in the elderly: a growing challenge. Psychogeriatrics. 18 (3), 155-165 (2018).
  7. Wolkove, N., Elkholy, O., Baltzan, M., Palayew, M. Sleep and aging: 1. Sleep disorders commonly found in older people. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 176 (9), 1299-1304 (2007).
  8. Suzuki, K., Miyamoto, M., Hirata, K. Sleep disorders in the elderly: Diagnosis and management. Journal of General and Family Medicine. 18 (2), 61-71 (2017).
  9. Foley, D. J., et al. Sleep complaints among elderly persons – an epidemiologic-study of 3 communities. Sleep. 18 (6), 425-432 (1995).
  10. Yu, D. S. Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric properties with Chinese community-dwelling older people. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 66 (10), 2350-2359 (2010).
  11. Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., Spijkerman, A. M., Kromhout, D., van den Berg, J. F., Verschuren, W. M. Sleep duration and sleep quality in relation to 12-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the MORGEN study. Sleep. 34 (11), 1487-1492 (2011).
  12. Rebok, G. W., Rovner, B. W., Folstein, M. F. Sleep disturbance and Alzheimer’s disease: relationship to behavioral problems. Aging (Milano). 3 (2), 193-196 (1991).
  13. Schroeck, J. L., et al. Review of safety and efficacy of sleep medicines in older adults. Clinical Therapeutics. 38 (11), 2340-2372 (2016).
  14. Pericic, D., Strac, D. S., Jembrek, M. J., Vlainic, J. Allosteric uncoupling and up-regulation of benzodiazepine and GABA recognition sites following chronic diazepam treatment of HEK 293 cells stably transfected with alpha1beta2gamma2S subunits of GABA (A) receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. 375 (3), 177-187 (2007).
  15. Lader, M. History of benzodiazepine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 8 (1-2), 53-59 (1991).
  16. Chen, P. L., Lee, W. J., Sun, W. Z., Oyang, Y. J., Fuh, J. L. Risk of dementia in patients with insomnia and long-term use of hypnotics: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Plos One. 7 (11), e49113 (2012).
  17. Kang, D. Y., et al. Zolpidem use and risk of fracture in elderly insomnia patients. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 45 (4), 219-226 (2012).
  18. Kao, C. H., et al. Relationship of zolpidem and cancer risk: a Taiwanese population-based cohort study. Mayo Clinic Protocols. 87 (5), 430-436 (2012).
  19. Sateia, M. J., Kirby-Long, P., Taylor, J. L. Efficacy and clinical safety of ramelteon: an evidence-based review. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 12 (4), 319-332 (2008).
  20. Friedrich, M. E., et al. Drug-induced liver injury during antidepressant treatment: results of amsp, a drug surveillance program. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 19 (4), pyv126 (2016).
  21. Entzeroth, M., Flotow, H., Condron, P. Overview of high-throughput screening. Current Protocols in Pharmacology. Chapter 9, (2009).
  22. Ferreira, L. G., Dos Santos, R. N., Oliva, G., Andricopulo, A. D. Molecular docking and structure-based drug design strategies. Molecules. 20 (7), 13384-13421 (2015).
  23. Campbell, S. S., Tobler, I. Animal sleep – a review of sleep duration across phylogeny. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 8 (3), 269-300 (1984).
  24. Hendricks, J. C., Sehgal, A., Pack, A. I. The need for a simple animal model to understand sleep. Progress in Neurobiology. 61 (4), 339-351 (2000).
  25. Hendricks, J. C., et al. Rest in Drosophila is a sleep-like state. Neuron. 25 (1), 129-138 (2000).
  26. Shaw, P. J., Cirelli, C., Greenspan, R. J., Tononi, G. Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science. 287 (5459), 1834-1837 (2000).
  27. Ly, S., Pack, A. I., Naidoo, N. The neurobiological basis of sleep: Insights from Drosophila. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 87, 67-86 (2018).
  28. Jeibmann, A., Paulus, W. Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism of brain diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (2), 407-440 (2009).
  29. Morse, D., Sassone-Corsi, P. Time after time: inputs to and outputs from the mammalian circadian oscillators. Trends in Neuroscience. 25 (12), 632-637 (2002).
  30. De Nobrega, A. K., Lyons, L. C. Drosophila: an emergent model for delineating interactions between the circadian clock and drugs of abuse. Neural Plasticity. 2017, 4723836 (2017).
  31. Reppert, S. M., Weaver, D. R. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. 418 (6901), 935-941 (2002).
  32. Koudounas, S., Green, E. W., Clancy, D. Reliability and variability of sleep and activity as biomarkers of ageing in Drosophila. Biogerontology. 13 (5), 489-499 (2012).
  33. Nall, A. H., Sehgal, A. Small-molecule screen in adult Drosophila identifies VMAT as a regulator of sleep. Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (19), 8534-8464 (2013).
  34. Jin, X., Gu, P., Han, J. Protocol for Drosophila sleep deprivation using single-chip board. STAR Protocols. 2 (4), 100827 (2021).
  35. Kashyap, A., Singh, P. K., Silakari, O. Counting on fragment based drug design approach for drug discovery. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (27), 2284-2293 (2018).
  36. Qi, W., Ding, D., Salvi, R. J. Cytotoxic effects of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on cochlear organotypic cultures. Hearing Research. 236 (1-2), 52-60 (2008).
  37. Nishimura, M., Ueda, N., Naito, S. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the gene induction of cytochrome P450 isoforms, UGT-dependent glucuronosyl transferase isoforms, and ABCB1 in primary culture of human hepatocytes. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 26 (7), 1052-1056 (2003).
  38. Solovev, I. A., Shaposhnikov, M. V., Moskalev, A. A. Chronobiotics KL001 and KS15 extend lifespan and modify circadian rhythms of Drosophila melanogaster. Clocks Sleep. 3 (3), 429-441 (2021).
  39. Cavas, M., Beltran, D., Navarro, J. F. Behavioural effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): changes in sleep architecture in rats. Toxicology Letters. 157 (3), 221-232 (2005).
  40. Pfeiffenberger, C., Lear, B. C., Keegan, K. P., Allada, R. Locomotor activity level monitoring using the Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) System. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2010 (11), 5518 (2010).
  41. Gilestro, G. F. Video tracking and analysis of sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature Protocols. 7 (5), 995-1007 (2012).
  42. Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila. Nature Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).
  43. Kabra, M., Robie, A. A., Rivera-Alba, M., Branson, S., Branson, K. JAABA: interactive machine learning for automatic annotation of animal behavior. Nature Methods. 10 (1), 64-67 (2013).
  44. Donelson, N. C., et al. High-resolution positional tracking for long-term analysis of Drosophila sleep and locomotion using the "tracker" program. Plos One. 7 (5), e37250 (2012).
  45. Cichewicz, K., Hirsh, J. ShinyR-DAM: a program analyzing Drosophila activity, sleep and circadian rhythms. Communications Biology. 1, 25 (2018).

Play Video

Citar este artigo
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Han, S., Zhang, Z. C., Tian, Y. High-Throughput Small Molecule Drug Screening For Age-Related Sleep Disorders Using Drosophila melanogaster. J. Vis. Exp. (200), e65787, doi:10.3791/65787 (2023).

View Video