Summary

老年人身体形象的社会心理干预的验证:实验设计

Published: May 31, 2021
doi:

Summary

这种实验性干预检查老年人的身体满意度。目的是将特定干预措施与另一个一般计划进行比较,并确定哪种干预措施对提高五十岁以上人群的身体满意度更有效。

Abstract

对于大多数人来说,身体满意度对于培养积极的自我概念和自尊至关重要,因此,它可以影响心理健康和福祉。这个想法已经在年轻人身上进行了测试,但没有研究探讨当人们年龄增长时身体形象干预是否有用。这项研究验证了为老年人设计的特定程序(IMAGINA特定身体形象程序)。这是通过采用混合实验设计来完成的,受试者之间和受试者内部的比较侧重于实验治疗前后的身体满意度,比较两组。使用这种实验方法可以确定干预对176人的组的效果。使用体型问卷(BSQ)获得的分数是因变量,IMAGINA程序是独立变量。至于年龄,性别,关系状态,季节和居住环境,这些都是受控变量。两个项目之间的身体满意度存在显着差异,使用IMAGINA获得了更好的结果。受控变量的效果远不如治疗显著。因此,通过类似于这里介绍的干预措施,可以提高老年人的身体满意度。

Introduction

在西方社会,长得好、健康、年轻,对于感觉正确、融入、与他人互动、成功非常重要,成为自我概念和自尊的核心要素。一个人对她/他的身体的满意度取决于个人感知,具体来说,取决于他/她对外表和身体机能的感受、感知、想象和反应12。根据这一定义,可以确定此结构中两个质的不同维度。一方面,有感知维度,这取决于评估身体本身的大小,形状和比例;另一方面,有认知 – 情感领域(即”身体满意度”3),这是本研究的主题。

从本质上讲,身体满意度是一个人对他或她外表4的接受程度,如果这种评估对自信心产生消极影响,当这种评估增加与他人互动的个人信心时,这是不好的56。传统上,人们认为,当一个人变老并进入生命的最后阶段(以50岁作为中年的分界点)时,身体形象问题会大大减少。換句話說,人們認為,在青春期和青少年中,對身體意象的感知扭曲678在老年人中很少見910。原因是关注的焦点从体重和健康转移到其他与缺乏健康和身体下降相关的重大身体缺陷。

在这方面,科学文献表明,对老年人外表的主要关注点集中在衰老的迹象上,例如健康丧失,皮肤皱纹和老化,脱发和白发,体味等1112。还有人认为,对这些衰老迹象的感知起着进化和适应性的作用,因为它使人们逐渐意识到衰老,从而有助于接受身体外观的转变和恶化。虽然这可能是对的,但同样真实的是,衰老意识会对身体满意度产生负面影响。”中年危机”的普遍现象并非徒劳无功,指的是一个转折点,在这个临界点上,人们开始意识到他/她正在衰老,在某些情况下,这与经历抑郁症状有关,如果处理不当,可能会干扰个人福祉和心理健康1113

已经研究了衰老意识所产生的心理和情感影响14。从这个意义上说,外表的恶化被认为是某人可以体验到的关于衰老的最明确的迹象15。再加上扮演一个无关紧要和被低估的社会角色的感觉 16。因此,自我认同为”老年人”与逐渐接受新的限制和不利环境有着不可挽回的联系。因此,老年人开始经历困难和情绪问题,如焦虑,压力或抑郁。很快,这个人可能会自我认同消极的社会角色,同时难以接受与衰老相关的身体限制1718

在不同的年龄组中,如青少年和青年,众所周知,通过干预计划可以改善满意度和身体形象119。这方面的例子是Maganto,del Río和Roiz(2002)21的Cash(1997)20和PICTA(西班牙语中关于身体形象和饮食失调的预防计划)的着名干预措施,以及一些最近的计划(Kilpela等人,2016)22,Halliwell等人(2016)23,McCabe等人(2017)24或Bailey,Gammage和Van Ingen(2019)25.然而,除了Sánchez-Cabrero(2012)26开发的名为”IMAGINA”的干预措施外,它们都没有针对成熟人群并主要关注女性,本研究旨在验证。让我们假设,对身体形象的治疗干预可以帮助自我接受,并在年轻人中发展积极的自我。没有理由不应用它并干预面临身体发生根本性变化的老年人272829

实验设计是确定因果关系和评估治疗干预是否产生改善的最有效方法。首先,有必要将干预效应与其他干预变量隔离开来,这在社会科学中是非常昂贵和复杂的,因为可以影响的因素几乎是无数的。其次,它还需要治疗前的比较,对照组和实验组之间的比较,对照和治疗条件下参与者的随机化,以及对最相关的干预变量的研究。因此,该实验遵循两个主要目标:(1)分析参加特定身体满意度计划的50岁以上的人的身体形象满意度与一般计划(非特定)中获得的进展相比的改善;(2)研究身体满意度与干预变量之间的关系,如年龄,性别,关系状况,一年中的参与时间以及居住在大都市或乡村住宅中。

Protocol

委员会审查了阿方索十世萨比奥大学《科学行为和道德议定书》。此外,研究小组外部的一组科学家检查并批准了完整的实验过程。为了允许参与这项研究,有必要签署一份知情同意书,接受参加该计划,正如《赫尔辛基宣言》30所建议的那样。在入组之前,确保没有参与者会因干预而遭受任何心理压力或伤害。 1. 进行实地考察 注:实验…

Representative Results

实验研究遵循混合设计,受试者之间的测量(实验组和对照组)以及治疗前后的重复测量。 Sánchez-Cabrero(2012)26的IMAGINA计划被选为实验性治疗计划,以提高西班牙老年人的身体形象满意度。它有八个小组会议,每个会议持续90-120分钟,旨在娱乐和吸引参与者,使用以前设计和测试的活动,这些活动是动态的,需要积极参与,团队合作和个人反思。身体形象…

Discussion

这项实验工作通过检查干预前后的满意度值并比较实验和非实验组,支持老年人参加身体满意度计划的积极后果。此外,对其他干预变量的控制提高了所得结果的可靠性和有效性。

该方案最关键的步骤是选择在对照组中应用的程序。有必要复制相同的实验条件来隔离IMAGINA程序产生的效应26。结果显示,两种情况在治疗持续时间,社交互动和娱乐水平方面没?…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

所有撰稿作者都希望向西班牙红十字会表示感谢,因为没有它的支持,我们就无法完成这项研究。此外,我们感谢阿方索·萨比奥大学科学行为和道德委员会的许多反馈和帮助。

Materials

Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) International Journal of Eating Disorders 1987 Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) developed by Cooper, Taylor, Cooper, and Fairburn (1987), which was adapted and scaled to Spanish participants by Raich et al. (1996). This is a self-report of 34 items following a Likert scale that goes from 1 (never) to 6 (always). The final score ranges from 34 to 204 and scoring above 110 indicates dissatisfaction and discomfort with physical appearance (Cooper et al., 1987). It is a reliable instrument since several studies have reported Cronbach’s α between 0.95 and 0.97. Also, the BSQ has good external validity, i.e., it is convergent with other similar tools, such as the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire, MBSRQ (Cash, 2015) and the body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory, EDI (Garner, Olmstead, and Polivy, 1983).
IMAGINA: programa de mejora de la autoestima y la imagen corporal para adultos Sinindice 2012 IMAGINA Program was meant to be a therapeutical tool to increase a body image satisfaction of older adults in Spain. It has eight group-sessions of 90-120 minutes duration each, aiming at entertaining and engaging participants. Body image and self-esteem are expected to improve through social participation, communication, body image workshops, and healthy nutrition information.
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM 24 Software package used in statistical analysis of data

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Sánchez-Cabrero, R., León-Mejía, A. C., Arigita-García, A. Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design. J. Vis. Exp. (171), e62506, doi:10.3791/62506 (2021).

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