Summary

实现蛋白质快速光化学氧化的实时补偿,用于确定蛋白质地形变化

Published: September 01, 2020
doi:

Summary

蛋白质的快速光化学氧化是蛋白质结构表征的新兴技术。不同的溶剂添加剂和配体具有不同的羟基基清除特性。为了比较不同条件下的蛋白质结构,需要实时补偿反应中产生的羟基基,使反应条件正常化。

Abstract

蛋白质的快速光化学氧化(FPOP)是一种基于质谱的结构生物学技术,可探寻蛋白质的溶剂可访问表面积。该技术依赖于氨基酸侧链的反应,羟基基在溶液中自由扩散。FPOP通过激光光解过氧化氢产生这些基原,产生一阵羟基基,以微秒的速度耗尽。当这些羟基基与溶剂可访问的氨基酸侧链发生反应时,反应产品表现出质量变化,可以通过质谱法进行测量和量化。由于氨基酸的反应速率部分取决于该氨基酸的平均溶剂可访问表面,因此蛋白质给定区域的氧化量的测量变化可与不同构象之间该区域溶剂可访问性的变化直接相关(例如,配体结合与无配体、单体与聚合等)FPOP在生物学中已经应用了许多问题,包括蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用、蛋白质构象变化和蛋白质配体结合。由于羟基基的可用浓度因FPOP实验中的许多实验条件而异,因此监测蛋白质分析物所暴露的有效基量非常重要。通过采用内联剂量计测量来自FPOP反应的信号,实时调整激光荧光度,实现所需的氧化量,从而有效地实现了这种监测。通过这种补偿,可以在异质样品中使用相对较低的样本确定反映构象变化的蛋白质地形变化、配体结合表面和/或蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用界面。

Introduction

蛋白质的快速光化学氧化(FPOP)是一种新兴的技术,通过超快速共价修饰蛋白质的溶剂暴露表面积,然后通过LC-MS1检测,确定蛋白质地形变化。FPOP通过紫外线激光闪光光解过氧化氢,在原位产生高浓度的羟基基。这些羟基基是非常反应和短寿命,消耗约一微秒的时间尺度在FPOP条件2。这些羟基基通过水扩散,以动力学速率氧化溶液中的各种有机成分,通常从快速(+106 M-1 s-1)到扩散控制3。当羟基基遇到蛋白质表面时,该基会氧化蛋白质表面的氨基酸侧链,导致该氨基酸(最常见的是净添加一个氧原子)的质量转移4。任何氨基酸的氧化反应速率取决于两个因素:该氨基酸的固有反应性(取决于侧链和序列上下文)4、5,以及该侧链与扩散羟基基的可访问性,这与平均溶剂可访问表面积6、7,密切相关。除甘氨酸外,所有标准氨基酸在FPOP实验中被这些高活性羟基基所观察到,尽管产量差别很大;在实践中,Ser,Thr,Asn和Ala很少在大多数样品中被视为氧化,除了在高基剂量下,并经仔细和敏感的针对性ETD碎片8,9,识别。氧化后,对样品进行淬火,以去除过氧化氢和二次氧化剂(超氧化物、单氧、过氧化氢等)然后对淬火样品进行蛋白质化消化,产生氧化肽的混合物,其中结构信息作为化学”快照”冻结在各种肽的氧化产物的形态中(图1)。与质谱法 (LC-MS) 耦合的液相色谱用于测量给定蛋白糖解肽中氨基酸的氧化量,该肽的氧化和未氧化版本的相对强度。通过比较在不同构象条件下获得的相同蛋白质的氧化足迹(例如,配体结合与无配体),蛋白质给定区域的氧化量差异可与该区域6、7,的溶剂可访问表面积的差异直接相关。提供蛋白质地形信息的能力使FPOP成为蛋白质高阶结构测定的有吸引力的技术,包括在蛋白质治疗发现和开发10,11。10,

Figure 1
图1:FPOP概述。蛋白质的表面由高活性羟基基共价修饰。羟基基会以受侧链溶剂可访问性强烈影响的速率与蛋白质的氨基酸侧链发生反应。地形变化(例如,由于上文所示配体结合)将保护相互作用区域的氨基酸,防止与羟基基发生反应,从而降低LC-MS信号中改性肽的强度。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

FPOP溶液中存在的不同成分(例如配体、辅料、缓冲液)对过氧化氢3激光光解产生的羟基基具有不同的清除活性。同样,过氧化物浓度、激光流量和缓冲成分的一个小变化可能会改变有效的基剂量,使FPOP数据的复制在样品之间和不同实验室之间具有挑战性。因此,重要的是能够比较羟基基剂量可用于与蛋白质在每个样品使用几个可用的羟基基剂量计之一12,13,14,15,16。,13,14,15,16羟基基剂量计通过与羟基基池中的分析剂(以及溶液中的所有清除剂)竞争来表现;通过测量剂量计的氧化量来测量羟基基的有效剂量。请注意,”有效的羟基基剂量”是羟基基的初始浓度和基的半寿命的函数。这两个参数部分相互依赖,使得理论动力学建模有些复杂(图2)。两个样本可能具有完全不同的初始激进半生命,同时仍然保持相同的有效基剂量,通过改变形成羟基基的初始浓度;它们仍然会产生相同的足迹17。腺素13和Tris12是方便的羟基基剂量计,因为它们的氧化水平可以通过紫外线光谱测量实时,使研究人员能够快速识别何时存在有效的羟基基剂量问题,并解决他们的问题。为了解决这个问题,一个直联剂量计位于流系统直接后,辐照站点,可以监测信号从腺素吸收变化实时是重要的。这有助于在缓冲液或任何其他辅料中进行FPOP实验,其羟基基清除能力水平差异很大17。这种基量补偿可以实时进行,通过调整有效基剂量,为同一顺从者产生统计上无法区分的结果。

在该协议中,我们有详细的程序,以使用腺宁作为内部光学基剂量计进行典型的FPOP实验,采用激进剂量补偿。此方法允许调查人员通过实时执行补偿来比较具有不同清理容量的 FPOP 条件下的足迹。

Figure 2
图2:基于剂量的补偿的动力学模拟。1 mM 腺苷剂量计响应以 5 μM 解酶分析素测量,初始羟基基浓度为 1 mM(▪OH t1/2=53 ns),并设定为目标剂量计响应(黑色)。在添加 1 mM 的清道夫辅料组蛋白时,剂量计响应(蓝色)会随着蛋白质氧化量的比例(青色)而降低。羟基基的半寿命也会降低(▪OH t1/2=39 ns)。当产生的羟基基量增加,以在样品中给予与1 mM组蛋白清除剂相当的氧化剂量,在没有清道夫(红色)的情况下,用1 mM羟基基达到,发生类似的蛋白质氧化量(品红色),而羟基半寿命进一步降低(▪OH t1/2=29 ns)。改编自夏普J.S.,Am Pharmaceut Rev 22, 50-55, 2019. 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Protocol

1. 为 FPOP 准备光学台和毛细管 注意:KrF 兴奋激光器是极端对眼的危害,直接或反射光可造成永久性眼睛损伤。始终佩戴适当的眼罩,尽可能避免光束路径附近出现任何反射物体,并使用工程控制来防止未经授权访问有源激光并抑制任何杂散反射。 准备 FPOP 光学台。 打开激光进行预热。将激光设置为外部触发器、恒定能量、无气体更换。设置每个脉冲的激光能?…

Representative Results

在磷酸盐缓冲液中对阿达利马布生物仿制药的重链肽足迹进行比较,在55°C加热1小时时,显示有趣的结果。学生的 t-检验用于识别这两个条件下有显著变化的肽(p ≤ 0.05)。肽20-38、99-125、215-222、223-252、260-278、376-413和414-420在蛋白质加热形成集料时对溶剂有显著的保护(图5)30。本实验确定了在加热和聚集时发生地形变化的肽区域。 <p class="jove_content" …

Discussion

基于质谱的结构技术,包括氢-铀交换、化学交汇、共价标记以及原生喷雾质谱和离子流动性,由于其灵活性、灵敏度和处理复杂混合物的能力,已迅速普及。FPOP 拥有几个优势,提高了其在质谱基结构技术领域的知名度。与大多数共价标记策略一样,它提供了与大多数贴标后工艺(如三辛消化、脱氧核二苯甲酸酯等)兼容的蛋白质地形稳定的化学快照,避免了阻碍氢-铀交换的回交换和扰动问题。…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢国家普通医学科学研究所的研究资金,资助 R43GM125420-01 支持台式 FPOP 设备和 R01GM127267 的商业开发,用于开发高能 FPOP 的标准化和剂量测定协议。

Materials

Adenine Acros Organics 147440250 Soluble in water upto 3.5 mM
Aperture Edmund Optics 39-905 1000 μm Aperture Diameter, Gold-Plated Copper Aperture
Aperture holder Edmund Optics 53-287 25.8mm Outer Diameter, Precision Pinhole Mount
Catalse Sigma Aldrich C-40 Catalase from bovine liver, lyophilized powder, ≥10,000 units/mg protein
COMPex Pro laser Coherent 1113836 COMPexPRO 102, F-Vversion, KrF laser, No XeCl
Dithiotheitol (DTT) Promega V3151 DTT, Molecular Grade (DL-Dithiothreitol)
Fraction collector GenNext Technologies, Inc. N/A Automated fraction collector
Fused silica capillay Molex 1068150023 Polymicro Flexible Fused Silica Capillary Tubing, Inner Diameter 100 µm, Outer Diameter 375 µm, TSP100375
Glutamine Acros Organics 119951000 L(+)-Glutamine, 99%
Holder for lens Edmund Optics 03-668 53 mm Outer Diameter, Three-Screw Adjustable Ring Mount
Hydrogen peroxide Fisher Scientific H325-100 Hydrogen Peroxide, 30% (Certified ACS), Fisher Chemical
LC-MS/MS system Thermo Scientific IQLAAEGAAPFADBMBCX Dionex Ultimate 3000 coupled to Orbitap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer
Mas spec grade Acetonitrile Fisher Scientific A955-1 Acetonitrile, Optima LC/MS Grade, Fisher Chemical
Mass spec grade formic acid Fisher Scientific A117-50 Formic Acid, 99.0+%, Optima™ LC/MS Grade, Fisher Chemical
Mass spec grade water Fisher Scientific W6-4 Water, Optima LC/MS Grade, Fisher Chemical
MES buffer Sigma Aldrich M0164 MES hemisodium salt
Methionine amide Bachem 4000594.0005 H-met-NH2.HCl
Micro V clamp Thor Labs VK250 Micro V-clamp with stainless steel blades
Motorized stage Edmund Optics 68-638 50mm Travel Motorized Stage System with Manual Control
Nano C18 colum Thermo Scientific 164534 Acclaim PepMap 100 C18 HPLC Columns
Optical bench Edmund Optics 56-935 18" x 18" breadboard
Pioneer FPOP Module System GenNext Technologies, Inc. N/A Inline FPOP Radical Dosimetry System
Post holder Edmund Optics 58-979 3" Length, ¼-20 Thread, Post Holder
Sodium phosphate dibasic Fisher Scientific BP331-500 Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Heptahydrate (Colorless-to-White Crystals), Fisher BioReagents
Sodium phosphate monobasic Fisher Scientific BP330-500 Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate (Colorless-to-white Crystals), Fisher BioReagents
Syringe Hamilton 81065 100 µL, Model 1710 RN SYR, Small Removable NDL, 22s ga, 2 in, point style 3
Syringe pump KD Scientific 788101 Legato 101 syringe pump
Trap C18 column Thermo Scientific 160454 Thermo Scientific Acclaim PepMap 100 C18 HPLC Columns
Tris Sigma Aldrich 252859 Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
Trypsin Promega V5111 Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin
UV plano convex lens Edmund Optics 84-285 30 mm Dia. x 120 mm FL Uncoated, UV Plano-Convex Lens

Referências

  1. Kaur, P., Kiselar, J., Yang, S., Chance, M. R. Quantitative protein topography analysis and high-resolution structure prediction using hydroxyl radical labeling and tandem-ion mass spectrometry (MS). Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 14 (4), 1159-1168 (2015).
  2. Hambly, D. M., Gross, M. L. Laser flash photolysis of hydrogen peroxide to oxidize protein solvent-accessible residues on the microsecond timescale. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 16 (12), 2057-2063 (2005).
  3. Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., Ross, A. B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (·OH/·O- in Aqueous Solution. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 17 (2), 513 (1988).
  4. Xu, G., Chance, M. R. Radiolytic modification and reactivity of amino acid residues serving as structural probes for protein footprinting. Analytical Chemistry. 77 (14), 4549-4555 (2005).
  5. Sharp, J. S., Tomer, K. B. Effects of anion proximity in peptide primary sequence on the rate and mechanism of leucine oxidation. Analytical Chemistry. 78 (14), 4885-4893 (2006).
  6. Huang, W., Ravikumar, K. M., Chance, M. R., Yang, S. Quantitative mapping of protein structure by hydroxyl radical footprinting-mediated structural mass spectrometry: a protection factor analysis. Biophysical Journal. 108 (1), 107-115 (2015).
  7. Xie, B., Sood, A., Woods, R. J., Sharp, J. S. Quantitative protein topography measurements by high resolution hydroxyl radical protein footprinting enable accurate molecular model selection. Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 4552 (2017).
  8. Li, Z., et al. High structural resolution hydroxyl radical protein footprinting reveals an extended Robo1-heparin binding interface. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (17), 10729-10740 (2015).
  9. Li, X., et al. Structural analysis of the glycosylated intact HIV-1 gp120-b12 antibody complex using hydroxyl radical protein footprinting. Bioquímica. 56 (7), 957-970 (2017).
  10. Li, K. S., Shi, L., Gross, M. L. Mass spectrometry-based fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) for higher order structure characterization. Accounts of Chemical Research. 51 (3), 736-744 (2018).
  11. Li, J., Chen, G. The use of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins coupled with mass spectrometry in protein therapeutics discovery and development. Drug Discovery Today. 24 (3), 829-834 (2019).
  12. Roush, A. E., Riaz, M., Misra, S. K., Weinberger, S. R., Sharp, J. S. Intrinsic buffer hydroxyl radical dosimetry using Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 31 (2), 169-172 (2020).
  13. Xie, B., Sharp, J. S. Hydroxyl radical dosimetry for high flux hydroxyl radical protein footprinting applications using a simple optical detection method. Analytical Chemistry. 87 (21), 10719-10723 (2015).
  14. Niu, B., Zhang, H., Giblin, D., Rempel, D. L., Gross, M. L. Dosimetry determines the initial OH radical concentration in fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP). Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 26 (5), 843-846 (2015).
  15. Niu, B., et al. Incorporation of a reporter peptide in FPOP compensates for adventitious scavengers and permits time-dependent measurements. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 28 (2), 389-392 (2017).
  16. Garcia, N. K., Sreedhara, A., Deperalta, G., Wecksler, A. T. Optimizing hydroxyl radical footprinting analysis of biotherapeutics using internal standard dosimetry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 31 (7), 1563-1571 (2020).
  17. Sharp, J. S., Misra, S. K., Persoff, J. J., Egan, R. W., Weinberger, S. R. Real time normalization of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins experiments by inline adenine radical dosimetry. Analytical Chemistry. 90 (21), 12625-12630 (2018).
  18. Zhang, B., Cheng, M., Rempel, D., Gross, M. L. Implementing fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) as a footprinting approach to solve diverse problems in structural biology. Methods. 144, 94-103 (2018).
  19. Konermann, L., Stocks, B. B., Czarny, T. Laminar flow effects during laser-induced oxidative labeling for protein structural studies by mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 82 (15), 6667-6674 (2010).
  20. Gau, B. C., Sharp, J. S., Rempel, D. L., Gross, M. L. Fast photochemical oxidation of protein footprints faster than protein unfolding. Analytical Chemistry. 81 (16), 6563-6571 (2009).
  21. Li, K. S., et al. Hydrogen-Deuterium exchange and hydroxyl radical footprinting for mapping hydrophobic interactions of human bromodomain with a small molecule Inhibitor. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 30 (12), 2795-2804 (2019).
  22. Espino, J. A., Jones, L. M. Illuminating biological interactions with in vivo protein footprinting. Analytical Chemistry. 91 (10), 6577-6584 (2019).
  23. Charvatova, O., et al. Quantifying protein interface footprinting by hydroxyl radical oxidation and molecular dynamics simulation: application to galectin-1. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 19 (11), 1692-1705 (2008).
  24. Gau, B., Garai, K., Frieden, C., Gross, M. L. Mass spectrometry-based protein footprinting characterizes the structures of oligomeric apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4. Bioquímica. 50 (38), 8117-8126 (2011).
  25. Gau, B. C., Chen, J., Gross, M. L. Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins for comparing solvent-accessibility changes accompanying protein folding: Data processing and application to barstar. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1834 (6), 1230-1238 (2013).
  26. Garrison, W. M. Reaction mechanisms in the radiolysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. Chemical Reviews. 87 (2), 381-398 (1987).
  27. Xu, G., Chance, M. R. Radiolytic modification of sulfur-containing amino acid residues in model peptides: fundamental studies for protein footprinting. Analytical Chemistry. 77 (8), 2437-2449 (2005).
  28. Xu, G., Chance, M. R. Radiolytic modification of acidic amino acid residues in peptides: probes for examining protein-protein interactions. Analytical Chemistry. 76 (5), 1213-1221 (2004).
  29. Xu, G., Takamoto, K., Chance, M. R. Radiolytic modification of basic amino acid residues in peptides: probes for examining protein-protein interactions. Analytical Chemistry. 75 (24), 6995-7007 (2003).
  30. Misra, S. K., Orlando, R., Weinberger, S. R., Sharp, J. S. Compensated hydroxyl radical protein footprinting measures buffer and excipient effects on conformation and aggregation in an adalimumab biosimilar. AAPS Journal. 21 (5), 87 (2019).
  31. Simmons, D. A., Konermann, L. Characterization of transient protein folding intermediates during myoglobin reconstitution by time-resolved electrospray mass spectrometry with on-line isotopic pulse labeling. Bioquímica. 41 (6), 1906-1914 (2002).
  32. Vahidi, S., Konermann, L. Probing the time scale of FPOP (fast photochemical oxidation of proteins): radical reactions extend over tens of milliseconds. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 27 (7), 1156-1164 (2016).
  33. Chance, M. R. Unfolding of apomyoglobin examined by synchrotron footprinting. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 287 (3), 614-621 (2001).
  34. Xu, G., Chance, M. R. Hydroxyl radical-mediated modification of proteins as probes for structural proteomics. Chemical Reviews. 107 (8), 3514-3543 (2007).
  35. Zhang, Y., Rempel, D. L., Zhang, H., Gross, M. L. An improved fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) platform for protein therapeutics. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 26 (3), 526-529 (2015).
  36. Cornwell, O., Radford, S. E., Ashcroft, A. E., Ault, J. R. Comparing hydrogen deuterium exchange and fast photochemical oxidation of proteins: a structural characterisation of wild-type and ΔN6 β(2)-microglobulin. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 29 (2), 2413-2426 (2018).
  37. Xie, B., Sharp, J. S. Relative Quantification of sites of peptide and protein modification using size exclusion chromatography coupled with electron transfer dissociation. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 27 (8), 1322-1327 (2016).
  38. Srikanth, R., Wilson, J., Vachet, R. W. Correct identification of oxidized histidine residues using electron-transfer dissociation. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 44 (5), 755-762 (2009).
  39. Li, X., Li, Z., Xie, B., Sharp, J. S. Improved identification and relative quantification of sites of peptide and protein oxidation for hydroxyl radical footprinting. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 24 (11), 1767-1776 (2013).
  40. Li, X., Li, Z., Xie, B., Sharp, J. S. Supercharging by m-NBA Improves ETD-Based Quantification of Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 26 (8), 1424-1427 (2015).
  41. Khaje, N. A., Sharp, J. S. Rapid quantification of peptide oxidation isomers from complex mixtures. Analytical Chemistry. 92 (5), 3834-3843 (2020).
check_url/pt/61580?article_type=t

Play Video

Citar este artigo
Misra, S. K., Sharp, J. S. Enabling Real-Time Compensation in Fast Photochemical Oxidations of Proteins for the Determination of Protein Topography Changes. J. Vis. Exp. (163), e61580, doi:10.3791/61580 (2020).

View Video