老年学员工作记忆培训：对照组培训方案和初始智力功能评估
Summary
介绍了对老年人口的认知训练干预以及对培训前认知能力的评估。我们展示了两个版本的训练 – 实验和主动控制 – 并演示它们对认知测试阵列的影响。
Abstract
认知训练干预措施的有效性最近备受争议。对于哪种培训方案最有效，没有达成共识。此外，作为培训结果预测因素的个人特征仍在调查中。在本文中，我们展示了通过不仅检查工作记忆 （WM） 培训对老年人认知有效性的影响，以及初始 WM 能力 （WMC） 对培训结果的影响来解决这个问题的尝试。我们详细描述了如何与主动对照组（记忆测验）一起进行5周的自适应双n背训练。我们在此重点介绍培训的技术方面以及参与者 WMC 的初步评估。对其他认知维度的训练前后表现的评估基于记忆更新、抑制、注意力转移、短期记忆（STM）和推理测试的结果。我们发现，WMC 的初始水平预测了 n 背式培训干预的效率。我们还注意到，我们测量的认知功能几乎所有方面的培训后改进，但这些影响大多是独立干预。
Introduction
在许多认知训练研究中，双n背任务被用作工作记忆（WM）训练的方法。WM是认知干预的共同目标，因为它对其他更高层次的智力功能很重要。然而，这种培训的有效性及其在认知方面创造更普遍改进的潜力，一直备受争议（对于元分析，见2、3、4、5、6、7、14和审查，见4、8、9、10、11、12、13）。虽然一些研究人员声称”…没有令人信服的证据可以证明工作记忆训练被概括为其他技能的‘4，其他人则提供元分析数据，显示WM培训2，3，5，6，11的显著效果。另一个问题是WM在老年人口中的有效性。多项WM培训研究显示，与15岁、16岁、17岁、18岁、19岁、20岁的长者相比，年轻人的益处更大，而其他研究则显示，在21岁、22岁、23岁、24岁、25岁这两个年龄组，亦有类似的效果。
各种元素被认为预测记忆训练的好处26。其中一些因素似乎是WM培训有效性21的潜在版主。心理能力，被描述为基线认知能力或一般认知资源，似乎是这个位置最有力的选择之一。为了评估初始智力水平的作用，我们在应用培训方案之前特别强调了认知能力的测量（此处描述的方法）。数据显示，与最初认知功能较低的27人相比，在训练开始时认知能力较高的参与者取得了更好的训练效果。在教育研究中也观察到类似的现象，它被称为”马修效应28″，这种观察表明，与那些最初能力水平较低的人相比，最初技能更好的人进步更大。
然而，关于这一主题的报告没有太多，这发人深省。此外，在数据分析和解释30中，即使是个人差异也很大，特别是在老年人口方面，往往无人看管。在本研究中，我们考察了工作记忆能力的初始水平对健康老年人群体WM培训成功的影响。为了保持实验组和对照组之间尽可能相似的训练方案的每一个元素，我们采用了主动对照组设计。因此，培训内容（WM 与语义记忆）仍然是决定训练结果预期差异的一个关键因素。这两个小组都进行了计算机化的、基于家庭的培训。实验组的成员被分配到一个适应性双n-back训练计划和一个主动对照组训练，任务基于语义记忆测验。这里的新方法是强调通过评估参与者的工作记忆能力（WMC）对参与者的认知水平进行初步评估。此外，评估本文中我们目前的初始 WMC 级别的方法已被证明是区分在随后的工作记忆培训中将成功和不会成功的人的有效工具。我们先前曾描述并公布这项研究的结果。因此，在本文中，我们重点介绍了我们使用的协议的详细描述。
Protocol
SWPS 社会科学和人文伦理学大学委员会评估了此处描述的协议。根据《赫尔辛基宣言》，每位与会者都获得了书面知情同意。 1. 参加者征聘 为每个培训组招募至少36名志愿者。这一数字被证明足以观察作者先前的研究以及关于这一主题的文献的群体间影响。工作记忆训练研究中的典型效果大小介于 d=0.6 到 0.8 之间，具体取决于培训类型或目标组。基于这些值，并瞄准0….
Representative Results
与培训相关的影响 85名受试者参加了这项研究（29名是男性），他们平均66.7岁。由于技术问题，没有记录n-back培训组一名参与者的数据。最后分析了来自n-back培训组43名参与者和测验培训组42名参与者的数据。通过反复措施对方差（MANOVA）进行多变量分析，分析培训对两个培训组随时间（训练前、训练后）的具体影…
Discussion
在此处介绍的研究中，我们调查了老年人是否可以从工作记忆培训中受益，以及培训是否与他们的基本认知的初始水平有关。我们使用 n 背任务作为实验干预和工作记忆能力（用 OSPAN 任务测量）是探索参与者智力功能初始水平的方法。我们在协议中有两个关键步骤。第一个也是最重要的一个是评估最初的WM水平。第二种是仔细匹配两种训练方案，除了”认知内容”（即工作记忆和语义记忆）。通过?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
描述的结果来自波兰国家科学中心根据2014/13/B/HS6/03155号赠款支持的项目。
Materials
| GEx | n/a | authorial online platform: used for N-back training, Quiz |
|
| IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 | IBM Corporation | SPSS software was used to compute statistical analysis. | |
| Inquisit version 4.0.8.0 | Millisecond Software | software: tool for designing and administering experiments used for: The Sternberg Task, The Linear Syllogism Task and presenting the instructions for baseline EEG recording |
|
| MATLAB R2018b | The MathWorks, Inc | MATLAB software was used to compute statistics and to export databases and visualisation of the results | |
| PsychoPy version 2 v.1.83.04 | Jonathan Peirce; supported by University of Nottingham | open-source software used for: Go/no Go Task, The Switching Task, Running Memory Span Taskckage based on Python |
|
| Sublime Text (version 2.0.2) | n/a | open-source software: HTML editor used for: online OSPAN Task |
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Citar este artigo
Matysiak, O., Zarzycka, W., Bramorska, A., Brzezicka, A. Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment. J. Vis. Exp. (163), e60804, doi:10.3791/60804 (2020).