Summary

Uforutsigbare kronisk Mild Stress protokollen for å indusere Anhedonia i mus

Published: October 24, 2018
doi:

Summary

Her presenterer vi uforutsigbare kronisk mild stress protokollen i mus. Denne protokollen induserer en langsiktig depressive-lignende fenotypen og gjør for å vurdere effekten av antatte antidepressiva snu opptreden og neuromolecular depressive-lignende underskuddene.

Abstract

Depresjon er en svært utbredt og ødeleggende tilstand, bare delvis adressert av gjeldende farmakoterapi. Mangel på respons på behandling av mange pasienter ber trenger å utvikle nye terapeutiske alternativer og bedre forstå etiologi av uorden. Pre-klinisk modeller med translasjonsforskning fortjeneste er rudimentære for denne oppgaven. Her presenterer vi en protokoll for metoden uforutsigbare kronisk mild stress (UCMS) i mus. I denne protokollen utsatt ungdom mus kronisk for utveksling uforutsigbare mild stressfaktorer. Ligner patogenesen av depresjon hos mennesker, instigates stress eksponering i følsom løpet av mus ungdomsårene en depressiv-lignende fenotypen tydelig i voksen alder. UCMS kan brukes til visninger av antidepressiva for depressive-lignende atferd og neuromolecular indekser. Blant de mer fremtredende testene for å vurdere er depressive-lignende oppførsel i gnagere sukrose preferanse testen (SPT), som gjenspeiler anhedonia (kjernen symptom på depresjon). SPT vil også bli presentert i denne protokollen. Muligheten for UCMS å indusere anhedonia, egge langsiktige atferdsmessige underskudd og aktiverer reversering av disse underskudd ved kronisk (men ikke akutt) behandling med antidepressiva styrker protokollen gyldigheten sammenlignet med andre dyr protokoller for inducing depressive-lignende atferd.

Introduction

Depresjon (MDD) er en ødeleggende tilstand, som er angitt som 11th årsaken til globale byrden fra sykdom1, med en livstidsprevalens 11-16%2,3. MDD har vært forbundet med alvorlige lettere pasienter sosiale og yrkesmessige fungerer, redusert livskvalitet, mange mentale og fysiske lidelser og økt risiko for dødelighet4,5,6 , 7. det er flere effektiv farmakoterapi og psykologiske tiltak for MDD; imidlertid mer enn tredje av pasientene ikke oppnå syndsforlatelse med den eksisterende behandlingsalternativer8,9,10,11. Derfor bedre kartlegging av i Patofysiologien ved MDD og utviklingen av romanen narkotika er fortsatt er av største betydning. For å løse oppgavene vitenskapelig validert dyremodeller må benyttes.

Uforutsigbare kronisk mild stress (UCMS) er en kjent gnager paradigme brukt for å indusere depressive – og angst-lignende atferd12,13,14,15. Hovedformålet med UCMS er å generere atferdsmessige underskudd (som anhedonia og atferdsmessige fortvilelse12,15) i mus og rotter, og fremme visninger for potensielle terapeutiske farmakologiske agenter. Prosedyren ble først introdusert av Katz16 og senere utviklet av Willner17,18, gir enorme atferdsdata og nevrobiologiske resultater reminiscing depressive symptomer12. Det var opprinnelig laget for rotter og senere innkvartert på mus13,19. I prosedyren er ungdom dyrene kronisk utsatt for ulike uforutsigbare mild stressfaktorer. Deretter administreres farmakologiske midler. Atferdsmessige og biologiske indekser hentes opphører behandling. En av de mer fremtredende testene utført etter UCMS er sukrose preferanse testen (SPT). SPT er basert på Red medfødt preferanse for søtet løsning i stedet for vann og er allment anerkjent som en viktig translasjonsforskning modell for å vurdere anhedonia12,18,20, 21 (som er en kjerne symptom i menneskelig depresjon22,23).

Å skrive inn det fjerde tiåret siden introduksjonen, er UCMS brukt på mus og rotter i utallige studier. Fleste av disse studiene ansatt UCMS som en metode for å indusere depressive-lignende atferd12,13,21,24. Studier har også ansatt modellen til å generere anxiogenic effekter25,26,27,28,29. Sukrose og sakkarin er de viktigste testene brukes til å vurdere anhedonia etter UCMS12,18,30,31,32,33. Andre kjente utfallsmål som svært innlemmet i UCMS litteratur er: hale suspensjon test (TST)28,34,35, tvunget svømme test (FST)28,34 , 36 , 37 (begge måler stress coping/atferdsmessige fortvilelse), åpne feltet testen (ofte, måle utforskende atferd, angst-lignende oppførsel og locomotor aktivitet)25,28,38, forhøyet pluss labyrinten (EPM, måle angst-lignende oppførsel)25,39,40 og ytterligere tester måle depressive-lignende atferd, angst-lignende atferd, kognitiv funksjon og sosiale atferd12 . Kronisk administrasjon av Trisykliske antidepressiva (TCA, imipramin35,41,42,43, desipramine18,44,45 ), tetracyclic antidepressiva (TeCAs, maprotiline46,47, mianserin48), selektive serotoninreopptakshemmere (SSRI, fluoxetine46,47,49 , escitalopram30,50, paroxetine51,52), melatonin43,49, agomelatine53, fettsyrer amid hydrolase (FAAH) hemmer URB59754 og flere naturlige forbindelser30,37,50,55,56,57,58 har vært vist for å reversere de UCMS-indusert depressive – og angst-lignende symptomene. Samlet er disse terapeutiske effekter ikke anskaffet via akutt behandlinger12 (f.eks, paroxetine51,52, imipramin53,54,59 ,60, fluoxetine53, agomelatine53, URB59754, brofaromine60).

Stress eksponering i barndom og oppvekst er en stor risikofaktor for fremre dannelsen av MDD (blant flere andre psykiske lidelser) i voksen alder61,62,63. Hypothalamus-hypofyse-adrenalin (HPA) aksen er et større neuroendocrine system regulere de bio-atferdsmessige respons stress64. Langvarig stress i følsom neurodevelopmental perioder av barndom og oppvekst svekker likevekt av HPA aksen. Det kan provosere en tilstand av forbedret sympatisk aktivering, ubalansert reaktivitet og hypercortisolemia varer gjennom hvile tilstand; dermed gjengi personer utsatt for depresjon eller angst-relaterte psychopathologies65,66,67,68. UCMS tilstrekkelig oversetter dette patogenesen: stress program under mus ‘ ungdomsårene induserer en langsiktig depressive-lignende mottakelighet. Videre er atferdsmessige underskuddene indusert av UCMS, underlain av betydelige endringer i HPA axis fungerende (f.eksav forårsaker en reduksjon i hippocampus hjerne-avledet nevrotropisk faktor [BDNF; protein er sterkt involvert i likevekt den HPA axis69,70]30, eller svekke regulering av corticosterone sekresjon for blod71,72), i likhet i patofysiologien mennesker12, 50,73.

UCMS har flere løft funksjoner som modell for depresjon: f.eks (i) elicitation av anhedonia (som regnes en endophenotype av MDD23,74); (ii) UCMS kan vurdere rekke depressive-lignende atferd som atferdsdata fortvilelse, redusert sosial atferd, forverring i pels tilstand og mer34; og (iii) kronisk (2-4 uker), men ikke akutt, administrasjon av antidepressiva følgende stress eksponering kunne produsere en langvarig terapeutiske effekten parallelt effekten oppnås i menneskelige pasienter ved den samme agenter30,75 ,76,77.

Disse funksjonene styrke gyldigheten av UCMS sammenlignet med andre dyr modeller av depresjon. De FST78 og TST79 er to modeller som brukes å indusere eller vurdere depressive-lignende oppførsel. Som modeller for inducing depressive-lignende atferd har de klare mangler sammenlignet med UCMS; de ikke be langsiktige atferdsendringer og kan bare reflekterer en justering akutt stress i stedet gi varig depressive-lignende manifestasjon76.

En alternativ dyr modell av depresjon er den sosiale nederlag modellen. I motsetning til FST og TST denne modellen (som UCMS) kreve bruk av kronisk stress (id est [dvs.] tilbakevendende annet av dyret aversive sosiale møter med dominerende kolleger)76,77 , 80 , 81 , 82. Hovedfordelen av sosiale nederlag modellen er at den benytter sosial stimuli som stressorer, dermed reflekterer rollen psykososiale stress i patogenesen av menneskelig depresjon. Lik UCMS, sosiale nederlag modellen utløser langsiktige depressive-lignende atferd og neuroendocrine endringer. Igjen parallelt med UCMS, sosiale nederlag-indusert underskuddene kan reverseres via kronisk, men ikke akutt, administrasjon av antidepressiva. Total, det er stor støtte for utnyttelse av både UCMS og sosiale nederlag som pre-klinisk apparatene for å undersøke i Patofysiologien ved depresjon76,77,81,82 . Men er en stor mangel av sosiale nederlag modellen at den kan bare brukes på mannlige gnagere, som kvinner ikke vise tilstrekkelig aggressiv atferd mot hverandre83. Contrastingly, UCMS har vist å produsere flere depressive effekter på både mannlige og kvinnelige mus34.

Forutsigbar kronisk mild stress (PCMS) er en annen gnager modell som gjennomfører en diett av daglig regelmessige eksponering for tilbakeholdenhet stress28,84,85,86,87. Flere studier har vist at PCMS økt angst-lignende atferd28,87; Men, det er motstridende rapporter vis-à-vis PCMS evnen til å indusere langsiktige depressive-lignende atferd. I motsetning til UCMS, har PCMS produsert mindre tilfredsstillende resultater refererer til evnen til å indusere en anhedonic-lignende tilstand28,84,86. Dette stemmer overens med den menneskelige fenomenologi, som uforutsigbare stressfaktorer er mer skadelig enn forutsigbar de88.

Protocol

Alle metodene som er beskrevet her er godkjent av institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk komiteen av de akademiske College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo. 1. dyr Bruk pre ungdom (dvs., 3 uker gamle) Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) outbred mannlige mus. Tilfeldig mus i to like store stress gruppe (UCMS vs naiv). Bruke 15 mus per behandlingsgruppe (f.eks: Hvis det er 3 farmakologisk behandlingsgrupper bruker 90 mus samlede; 2 [UCMS vs naiv] × 3 [behandling] × 15 [mus] = …

Representative Results

For å bekrefte effekten av UCMS fremgangsmåten for inducing depressive-lignende underskudd, ble en manipulasjon sjekk utført. Mannlige ICR outbred mus ble randomisert til enten UCMS eller naiv forhold (4 uker, som beskrevet i protokollen 2.2). Deretter ble SPT (6 dager, som beskrevet i protokoll 4) administrert for å vurdere om mus etter under UCMS vist livsnyter underskudd. Kort tid etter, mus ble ofret og hippocampus ble dissekert ut helt for BDNF (et protein svært innblandet i Pat…

Discussion

Utstrekning MDD er en utbredt svært ødeleggende lidelse, bare delvis adressert av gjeldende behandlingsalternativer, er vitenskapelige søken etter bedre behandlinger fortsatt spørsmålet. Sammen med innovasjoner i psykologiske teknikker kreves ekstra farmakoterapi for den store delen av pasienter som ikke svarer til eksisterende narkotika. Grundig dyremodeller for depresjon er viktig element i denne oppgaven. Slike modeller rette visninger for nyskapende antidepressiva og utvide forståelsen av etiologi av uorden. UC…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Forfatterne vil gjerne takke Gali Breuer for henne hjelp i video produksjon. Denne forskningen ble støttet av Israels departementet for vitenskap, teknologi & Space (grant nr. 313552), ved National Institute for Psychobiology i Israel (NIPI-208-16-17b) og av Open University Foundation.

Materials

Heating lamp Ikea AA-19025-3
Heating pillow Sachs EF-188B
Mice restrainer
Portable electronic balance (*.** g)
Standard rubber stopper, size 5 Ancare #5.5R To avoid spillage during SPT
Straight open drinking tube (2.5") Ancare OT-100 To avoid spillage during SPT (insert drinking tube into rubber stopper)
2% sucrose solution
50ml conical centrifuge tube For the SPT
Pre-adolescent (approximately 20-days old) ICR outbred mice Envigo Hsd:ICR (CD-1)

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Burstein, O., Doron, R. The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (140), e58184, doi:10.3791/58184 (2018).

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