Summary

应用改良 T 迷宫评估心脏骤停后的功能记忆结果

Published: January 05, 2018
doi:

Summary

本协议描述了使用一个改进的 T 迷宫评估功能学习/记忆在窒息心脏停搏诱发脑缺血。

Abstract

背景: 评估轻度到中度认知损害在全球脑缺血 (即心脏骤停) 模型可能是困难的, 因为在手术后运动不良。例如, 接受外科手术的大鼠和莫里斯水迷宫可能无法游泳, 从而使实验无效。

新方法: 建立了改进的行为自发交替 T 迷宫试验。修改后的 T 迷宫协议的主要优点是它的相对简单的设计, 是强大到足以评估功能学习/记忆后缺血。此外, 数据分析简单明了。我们使用 T 迷宫来确定在轻度到中度 (6 分钟) 窒息心跳骤停 (ACA) 时, 老鼠的学习/记忆力缺陷。大鼠有一个自然的勘探倾向, 并将探索在 T 迷宫的替代武器, 而海马损伤大鼠倾向于采取侧偏爱, 导致减少自发交替率, 揭示海马相关功能性学习/记忆在存在或缺席 ACA。

结果: ACA 组有较高的侧偏爱比和较低的交替对照。

与现有方法比较: 莫里斯水和巴恩斯迷宫在评估学习/记忆功能方面更为突出。然而, 莫里斯水迷宫比其他迷宫更有压力。巴恩斯迷宫被广泛用于测量参考 (长期) 记忆, 而 ACA 诱发的认知赤字则与工作 (短期) 记忆更密切相关。

结论: 我们已经制定了一个简单的, 但有效的策略来描绘工作 (短期) 记忆通过 T 迷宫在我们的全球脑缺血模型 (ACA)。

Introduction

根据美国心脏协会 (2017), 心脏骤停 (CA) 导致的死亡率每四分钟发生一次, 在美国每年影响超过40万人1。据记载, 由于血液灌注不足2,3,4, CA 可能导致神经元脑损伤。CA 诱发的脑损伤发生在海马的缺血敏感的 CA1 区5,6,7, 影响对学习和记忆至关重要的神经元8,9, 101112。此外, 在海马 (即 CA1 神经元) 缺血条件下, 树突状脊柱密度的丧失在空间记忆损伤中起着重要作用13,14,15。由于这些病理变化的 CA, 行为障碍, 如: 焦虑, 抑郁症, 创伤后应激障碍和记忆丧失更普遍。尽管在医疗技术 (即有效的门诊服务) 方面取得了进步, 与提高的钙存活率相关, 但大多数的神经保护治疗 (低温除外) 在 ca 16 之后无法改善功能结果 ,17。CA 幸存者的生活质量通常很差, 并且背负着增加的医疗开支16

通过行为测试对脑缺血的认知状态评估是重要的, 以确定药物疗效和最终发展成功的临床试验。在二十世纪四十年代, 爱德华托尔曼设计了第一个行为试验研究 hippocampus-based 空间记忆18。随后, 开发了不同的迷宫 (如莫里斯水迷宫、径向迷宫、T 或 Y 迷宫和巴恩斯迷宫) 来评估大鼠的 hippocampal-based 空间学习和记忆19,20,21,22 ,23。一个更广泛使用的行为测试是莫里斯水迷宫, 它检查空间学习和记忆在大鼠模型24。然而, 莫里斯水迷宫需要大鼠游泳和发挥充分的运动功能和控制。对于缺血实验, 如窒息心脏骤停 (ACA, 大鼠模型的钙) 模型, 需要插管股动脉/静脉, 以获得重要的血压, 血液气体和引进各种药物。由于股动脉/静脉插管可以抑制腿部移动, 使大鼠的游泳能力正常, 莫里斯水迷宫可能不是最适合测试认知损伤的 ACA。

巴恩斯迷宫是另一个被广泛使用的行为测试, 用来检查啮齿动物模型中的空间学习和记忆。巴恩斯迷宫不需要充分发挥马达功能和控制, 因此比莫里斯水迷宫的压力更小。在过去, 我们使用巴恩斯迷宫来进行实验, 以确定在控制或假与 ACA 诱导的大鼠之间是否发生功能性学习/记忆差异。由于巴恩斯迷宫广泛用于测量参考 (长期) 内存25,26, 而为巴恩斯迷宫所获得的数据并没有在轻度到中度 ACA 之后测试认知损伤的决心, 而aca 引起的认知缺陷与工作 (短期) 内存27282930有关, 这表明巴恩斯迷宫在我们的 aca 中评估内存功能是不可行的。模型.

因此, 我们开发了一个改进的 T 迷宫使用自发交替测试, 以评估工作 (短期) 记忆后 ACA。改进的 t 迷宫自发交替试验的主要优点是它的简单性和最小的压力, 与其他行为测试相比, 由于修改的 t 迷宫不需要事先的动物训练, 以及重计算根据莫里斯水迷宫和巴恩斯迷宫的要求, 分析或程序 (即大鼠的视频成像)。在这里我们表明, 改进的 T 迷宫自发交替试验是一个简单而高效的行为试验范例, 可以提供足够的分辨率, 以准确地检测和评价海马功能的疾病, 造成短期记忆丧失(即 ACA)。

Protocol

所有实验程序都是按照国家卫生研究院的指导方针进行的, 并得到机构动物保育和使用委员会 (路易斯安那州立会健康科学中心-什里夫波特) 的批准, 用于雄性大大鼠的使用 (300-350 克, 9-10 周大)。大鼠在 ACA 手术前一夜禁食。 1. 迷宫设备的设计与设置 注: 在执事和罗的2006模型31上的 T 迷宫设计基础。 利用之32设计?…

Representative Results

ACA (全球脑缺血) 主要导致工作 (短期) 记忆缺陷28,29。为了评估在 ACA 之后的学习和记忆功能, 我们使用了改进的自发交替测试来评估工作 (短期) 内存30。自发交替试验结果表明, ACA 组 (26.19 ± 4.96%) 连续三天的交替率明显低于对照组 (62.96 ± 6.07%)(* p0.05)35由于提交给 ACA 的大鼠与对照组相比 (82.14 ?…

Discussion

与执事和罗的协议31相比, 本研究做了一些修改。3D 打印机被用来建造 T 形迷宫。3的 d-印刷提供了可负担的和 cost-effective 的替代商业化 T 迷宫。为了减少实验过程中大鼠的焦虑, 在暗室中进行了最小光照的 T 迷宫。一旦鼠进入目标的武器之一, 我们轻轻地阻断对方的手臂。这避免了可能的压力, 从测试, 以及可能损害老鼠的尾巴, 而降低了断头台的门。任何不必要的压力都会抑制老…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院/国家神经紊乱和中风补助金 1R01NS096225-01A1, 美国心脏协会授予 AHA-13SDG1395001413, AHA-17GRNT33660336, AHA-17POST33660174,路易斯安那州立大学资助研究委员会, 马尔科姆费斯特心血管研究奖学金, 和伊夫林 F. 麦克奈特脑研究所。

Materials

3D Printer MakerBot Replicator Fifth generation
3D Printer Filament Hatchbox PLA, 1.75 mm filament diameter
200 Proof Pure Ethanol Koptec V1005SG
Sani-Chips PJ Murphy-Forest Products Size: 8 to 20 mesh; 2.2 cubic foot/package; autoclavable bags
Rat Charles River Laboratories Sprague-Dawley
Vecuronium bromide Sun Pharmaceutical 47335-931-40 10 mg
Epinephrine Par Pharmaceutical 42023-103-01 Adrenalin Chloride Solution 1 mg/mL, 1:1000
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride Injection Pfizer 00409-2012-32 0.3mg/mL
SketchUp Trimble Inc. 3D modeling software
VentElite Small Animal Ventilator Harvard Apparatus 55-7040 Animals raging in size from mouse to guinea pig (10g to 1kg)
PowerLab 8/35 Adinstruments PL3508 8 analog input channels – 4 of which can be used in differential mode.
Bio Amps Adinstruments FE132 The Bio Amp is a galvanically isolated, high-performance differential bio amplifier optimized for the measurement of a wide variety of biological signals such as ECG, EMG and EEG recordings.
Quad Bridge Amp Adinstruments FE224 A four-channel, non-isolated bridge amplifier designed to allow the PowerLab to connect to most DC bridge transducers.
LabChart 8 Adinstruments
ABL80 FLEX CO-OX blood gas analyzer Radiometer pH / p CO2 / p O2
SURFLO Teflon I.V. Catheter Terumo sc-361556 Only use the flexible thin wall catheter (49-mm long)
Pipet/Infusion Needle Hamilton 7748-03 17-gauge; 93-mm long; 10-degree angle
Classic T3 Vaporizer SurgiVet VCT302 Classic T3 Isoflurane Funnel Fill
ENVIRO-PURE Charcoal Canister SurgiVet 32373B10 Designed to absorb waste anesthetic gas
O2 single flowmeter SurgiVet 32375B1 0-1000 mL
N2O Flowmeter VetEquip 401721 0-4LPM
Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter (Sterile) Becton Dickinson 427565 23 gauge
Micro Forceps Black and Black surgical B3FRC-18 RM-8 7 1/4" (18 cm), 8mm RH, counterweight w/ guide pin 2mm, platform 6 x .3 mm, curved.
Halstead Mosquito Forceps Roboz RS-7111 Curved; 5" Length, 1.3 mm tip diameter, 2.1 mm jaw width
Mixter Forceps Roboz RS-7291 5.25" Curved Extra Delicate, 1.1 mm tips
Castroviejo Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors Roboz RS-5650 Straight, Sharp Points; 9 mm Cutting Edge; 0.15 mm Tip Width; 3 1/2" Overall Length
Mayo-Stille Scissors Roboz RS-6891 5.5" Round Curved
Dumont #5 Forceps Roboz RS-5058 45 Deg Dumoxel Tip Size .10 x .06 mm
Olsen-Hegar Combination Scissor And Needle Holder Roboz RS-7884 Cross Serration Tip; 5.5" Length
Moloney Forceps Roboz RS-8254 Serrated; Slight Curve; 4.5" Length

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Wu, C. Y. C., Lerner, F. M., Couto e Silva, A., Possoit, H. E., Hsieh, T., Neumann, J. T., Minagar, A., Lin, H. W., Lee, R. H. C. Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest. J. Vis. Exp. (131), e56694, doi:10.3791/56694 (2018).

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