一个反对臭虫评估杀虫剂效果的方法，<em>臭虫臭虫</em>，鸡蛋和一龄期
Summary
杀虫剂评估经常靶向成虫，而不是不成熟的阶段。在这里，我们提出了一个协议有比较第一若虫臭虫阶段评估对臭虫的杀虫剂鸡蛋。这些协议可能会调整其他昆虫，以评估非成人的生命阶段杀虫剂效力。
Abstract
对害虫杀虫剂的毒性标准评价上成虫主要进行。评价是基于剂量 – 反应或浓度 – 响应曲线，其中死亡率随着剂量或杀虫剂的浓度增大。标准致死浓度（LC 50）和致死剂量（LD 50），导致在测试群体的50％的死亡率测试可以挑战用于评估对非成虫生命阶段的杀虫剂，如鸡蛋和早龄或若虫阶段的毒性。然而，这一信息对于理解在所有臭虫生命阶段的杀虫剂效力，从而影响控制和治疗工作是必不可少的。该协议使用修改臭虫鸡蛋标准浸渍生物测定和治疗若虫龄第一次接触杀虫试验。这些测定产生浓度-响应曲线，以进一步量化的LC 50值杀虫剂评估。
Introduction
臭虫一个显著城市害虫可导致血液流失，皮肤过敏，失眠，抑郁和焦虑中的人类宿主1，2，3，4，5，6。消除和控制臭虫的成本高，很多时候需要用灭虫公司7家多次访问。多次访问通常需要，因为臭虫的神秘行为与杀害他们的困难。特别是，臭虫蛋是困难的，因为它们的小的尺寸和由蛋壳保护胚胎的控制。
目前，许多灭虫公司在美国各地的普遍做法是将一个家使用化学杀虫剂臭虫。这非常出名该鸡蛋是很难控制，所以很多企业都实施了再治疗8两个星期的时间框架。这使得臭虫蛋足够的时间来孵化，这样一龄中脱颖而出，据称是更容易杀死杀虫剂。然而，在研究中评估针对床虱卵和第一龄液体杀虫剂的功效缺乏。
虫卵已记录在案，是最困难的阶段，生活在城市害虫控制，比臭虫等，此外还有许多农业害虫。大多数的这些困难已被归因于蛋壳，而很少有研究报告杀虫剂抗性。抵抗卵期已被记录在骚扰锥蝽 9，pediculus的头虱 10， 小菜蛾 11，Rhyzopertha多米尼加 12， <eM>臭虫臭虫13，以及多个存储产品甲虫（ 即 锯谷盗，赤拟谷盗，Cryptolestes棕象甲和Rhyzopertha多米尼加 ）。 14在通过蛋壳与杀虫剂渗透相关的卵期和未成熟阶段，以及并发症抗性的发展，就必须对针对这些生命阶段杀虫剂功效的生物测定的需要。
该协议提供了一个一步一步的程序确定共同臭虫的卵和一龄阶段的杀虫剂的功效， 臭虫臭虫 。这两种协议是浓度-响应测定法，以允许LC 50值的量化。浓度 – 响应测定法通常用于毒理学研究，然而，这协议已被改编为容易处理臭虫卵和第一龄组。这些测定法可适于各种昆虫卵和未成熟的生命阶段。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
A critical step in this assay is to ensure that no eggs that are removed from a surface are damaged prior to the assay. Many insects cement their eggs to a substrate, therefore, a preliminary test may be needed to ensure that removal does not cause mortality. This test can be conducted with several replications of a treated group (bed bugs removed from filter paper) compared to a control group (bed bugs not removed). Similar low rates of mortality (or no mortality) between the treated and control group will ensure that …
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
我们感谢莫莉Stedfast稀释和农药制剂的援助。我们也感谢特洛伊安德森概率分析指导和扎卡里阿德尔曼与实验设计的帮助。这项研究部分由一个昆虫基金会奖和弗吉尼亚州的害虫管理奖学基金的支持。
Materials
| Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific Inc. | 08-757-105 | Plastic |
| Filter paper | Whatman | 1001-042 | |
| Featherweight forceps | Fisher Scientific Inc. | 4750 | |
| Temprid SC (imidacloprid/bifenthrin) | Bayer CropScience | ||
| Transport GHP (acetamiprid/bifenthrin) | FMC Corp. | ||
| Centrifuge tube | 06-443-18 | 50 mL; flat-top threaded | |
| Fine mesh | 7250C | ||
| KimWipe | 06-666A | 11 cm X 21 cm | |
| Small paint brush | Any small paint brush | ||
| Hardboard panels | Composite wood or tile would be sufficient from a home improvement store | ||
| Metal weights | Any type of metal screw that will hold the weight of the Petri dish down onto a surface |
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