Electroporation에 의해 쥐 좌골 신경의 슈반 세포로 생체 내 유전자 전달에
Summary
Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.
Abstract
The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.
Introduction
The rapid transmission of sensory and motor information in the peripheral nervous system is permitted by the myelin sheath, which is formed by myelinating Schwann cells (SCs)1. Insulation of axons by the myelin sheath enables saltatory conduction, which increases the speed of nerve impulses. In disorders in which the development or maintenance of the myelin sheath is impaired, nerve conduction speed is reduced. This results in neuropathy involving motor and sensory dysfunction. Although there are many studies on the molecular mechanisms of myelination and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system, the roles of the numerous proteins involved in these processes remain unclear.
To study the molecular mechanisms of SC myelination/demyelination in vivo, genetic approaches have been used to modify gene expression in animals. A powerful approach is the use of knockout/knockin or transgenic animals. However, the generation of these animals is expensive and time consuming. For SC-specific gene manipulation, crossing floxed strains with Cre mice or other conditional gene expression methods are necessary. This again is laborious and time intensive. In recent years, a cutting-edge genetic technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system, has made the generation of genetically modified mice much quicker (about 4 weeks)2,3, but this method is hindered by target sequence limitations, and suffers from off-target effects. As an alternative method, viral vector-mediated gene transfer is a faster and easier method of achieving gene transfer into SCs in vivo4-6. Indeed, the generation of viral vectors is less expensive, and takes a shorter time (within a few weeks), and gene manipulation of SCs can be achieved by simply injecting engineered viral vectors, such as adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, and lentiviral vectors, into the sciatic nerve. Because these viral vectors have different characteristics, users have to choose the one best suited for their purpose. Adenoviral vectors infect axons and SCs in both young and mature sciatic nerves. In particular, adenoviral vectors have higher selectively for non-myelinating SCs than myelinating SCs. Adenoviruses can cause immune responses, and accordingly, immunodeficient strains should be used5. AAV vectors are currently the most widely used viral vectors, and allow in vivo gene transfer with lower toxicity7. AAV can transduce both axons and SCs by direct injection into the nerve fibers8,9. However, AAV-mediated protein expression usually requires 3 weeks or longer to reach maximum levels7,9. Therefore, it is difficult to analyze myelination, which actively progresses during the two week postnatal period. Lentiviral vectors have higher selectively for myelinating SCs than non-myelinating SCs, and do not have toxic effects on sciatic nerves. However, lentiviral vectors do not infect SCs in more mature nerves5, and therefore are unsuitable for analyzing events such as the demyelination process.
Electroporation is another faster and easier approach to achieve in vivo gene transfer. It has been reported that in vivo transfection of SCs can be achieved when electroporation is applied to transected rat sciatic nerves10. However, because this method requires nerve transection for gene delivery, the application is limited to the analysis of the damaged nerves. Here, we describe an alternative method that allows the delivery of transgenes into myelinating SCs in intact rat sciatic nerves using electroporation11. This method requires plasmid construction, which can usually be completed within a week. Then, by simply delivering electric pulses to the site on the sciatic nerve where the plasmid DNA was injected, highly selective transfection of myelinating SCs can be achieved in neonatal as well as in more mature animals. By electroporating multiple plasmids, simultaneous expression of a variety of genes can be easily achieved. The ability to simultaneous express multiple molecules, such as signaling proteins, short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and functional probes, is crucial for investigating complex processes such as myelination and demyelination. The novel in vivo electroporation method described in this paper will be a powerful tool, allowing researchers to analyze the function of a multitude of molecules and their interactions in myelinating SCs.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
In this paper, we describe a simple and efficient method that allows in vivo gene transfer to myelinating SCs in the rat sciatic nerve using electroporation. This method allows highly selective gene expression in myelinating SCs by simply applying electric pulses to the plasmid DNA-injected sciatic nerve. Because the molecular mechanisms of myelination and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system remain unclear, the present in vivo electroporation method will be a powerful tool to clarify the roles of multiple genes of interest in living animals.
A critical requirement of this method is to keep damage to the nerve during surgery to a minimal level. Should surgical damage cause excessive inflammation, the sciatic nerve may degenerate. To avoid this, one must conduct surgery with extreme care, so as to not damage the blood vessels around the nerve. Mechanical stress to the nerve during the surgery can also be a cause of nerve damage. To minimize mechanical stress, lifting the exposed nerve should be done as gently as possible, and the tweezer-type electrode should be placed close to the nerve without contact. Furthermore, electrical pulses that are too strong can cause undesirable large leg movement, which leads to mechanical stress, or can burn the nerve. If significant damages are observed in the nerves, we recommend reducing the electrical pulse intensities or placing the electrode further away from the nerve.
In our present protocol, CAG promoter-driven plasmids were used as expression vectors. CAG promoter-driven plasmids allow high levels of gene expression in myelinating SCs in vivo. We also have tried a CMV promoter, another widely used universal promoter for mammalian gene expression, but expression of the gene product was very weak. This is consistent with previous results, in which electroporation-mediated transfection was conducted in the embryonic brain20. Therefore, we recommend using CAG promoter-driven plasmids for the in vivo electroporation method.
Because axonal signaling is a key factor in myelination/demyelination21, gene modification in neurons is also important. However, delivery of transgenes using our in vivo electroporation method is limited to SCs. It has been reported that gene delivery into sciatic nerve axons can be achieved when in vivo electroporation is applied to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in adult rats22. This suggests that delivery of plasmid DNA to the cell body is likely to be critical for in vivo transfection of peripheral axons. Thus, to examine the involvement of axonal molecules in myelination/demyelination, researchers should use neuron-specific genetic methods such as genetically modified animals, neuron-specific viral vectors, or in vivo electroporation to DRG neurons.
Compared with current methods, such as the generation of genetically modified animal lines23 and delivery of transgenes by viral vectors4-6, gene modification of SCs by in vivo electroporation is simpler. This method only requires several days for plasmid DNA construction and one day for electroporation surgery. Plasmid DNA construction does not require a biohazard room that is usually essential for viral vector handling. In addition, one of the advantages of the electroporation method is the capacity for simultaneous expression of multiple gene products using a simple protocol. Our novel technique will be useful for analyzing the interaction of a variety of signaling molecules involved in myelination and demyelination. In particular, by permitting the cotransfection of a number of different intracellular fluorescent probes, our method should be a powerful tool for investigating intracellular signaling dynamics in SCs using live imaging experiments.
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to M.I. (21229004 and 25221304).
Materials
| Genopure Plasmid Maxi Kit | Roche | 03 143 422 001 | Plasmid DNA purification kit |
| Fast Green CFC | WAKO | 069-00032 | Dye for DNA injection |
| GC 150T-10 | HARVARD APPARATUS | 30-0062 | Glass capillary |
| Suction tubing | Drummond | 05-2000-00 | Suction tubing for micro injection |
| MODEL P-97 | SUTTER INSTRUMENT CO. | Micropipette puller | |
| CUY21 Single Cell | BEX | Electroporator CUY21 Single Cell | Pulse generator |
| Electric warmer | KODEN | CAH-6A | Warmer during the surgery |
| Isofluolane | Mylan | 1119701G1076 | Anesthetic |
Referências
- Nave, K. A., Werner, H. B. Myelination of the nervous system: mechanisms and functions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 30, 503-533 (2014).
- Wang, H., et al. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Cell. 153, 910-918 (2013).
- Yang, H., Wang, H., Jaenisch, R. Generating genetically modified mice using CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Nat Protoc. 9, 1956-1968 (2014).
- Cotter, L., et al. Dlg1-PTEN interaction regulates myelin thickness to prevent damaging peripheral nerve overmyelination. Science. 328, 1415-1418 (2010).
- Gonzalez, S., Fernando, R. N., Perrin-Tricaud, C., Tricaud, N. In vivo introduction of transgenes into mouse sciatic nerve cells in situ using viral vectors. Nat Protoc. 9, 1160-1169 (2014).
- Ozcelik, M., et al. Pals1 is a major regulator of the epithelial-like polarization and the extension of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves. J Neurosci. 30, 4120-4131 (2010).
- Daya, S., Berns, K. I. Gene therapy using adeno-associated virus vectors. Clin Microbiol Rev. 21, 583-593 (2008).
- Glatzel, M., et al. Adenoviral and adeno-associated viral transfer of genes to the peripheral nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 442-447 (2000).
- Homs, J., et al. Schwann cell targeting via intrasciatic injection of AAV8 as gene therapy strategy for peripheral nerve regeneration. Gene Ther. 18, 622-630 (2011).
- Aspalter, M., et al. Modification of Schwann cell gene expression by electroporation in vivo. J Neurosci Methods. 176, 96-103 (2009).
- Ino, D., et al. Neuronal Regulation of Schwann Cell Mitochondrial Ca(2+) Signaling during Myelination. Cell Rep. 12, 1951-1959 (2015).
- Struhl, K. Chapter 3; Subcloning of DNA fragments. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. , Unit3 16 (2001).
- Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene. 108, 193-199 (1991).
- Chang, K., Elledge, S. J., Hannon, G. J. Lessons from Nature: microRNA-based shRNA libraries. Nat Methods. 3, 707-714 (2006).
- Schlaepfer, W. W., Myers, F. K. Relationship of myelin internode elongation and growth in the rat sural nerve. J Comp Neurol. 147, 255-266 (1973).
- Webster, H. D. The geometry of peripheral myelin sheaths during their formation and growth in rat sciatic nerves. J Cell Biol. 48, 348-367 (1971).
- Weis, J., Fine, S. M., David, C., Savarirayan, S., Sanes, J. R. Integration site-dependent expression of a transgene reveals specialized features of cells associated with neuromuscular junctions. J Cell Biol. 113, 1385-1397 (1991).
- Zhao, Y., et al. An expanded palette of genetically encoded Ca(2)(+) indicators. Science. 333 (2), 1888-1891 (2011).
- Suzuki, J., et al. Imaging intraorganellar Ca2+ at subcellular resolution using CEPIA. Nat Commun. 5, 4153 (2014).
- Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. Labeling embryonic mouse central nervous system cells by in utero electroporation. Dev Growth Differ. 50, 507-511 (2008).
- Taveggia, C., Feltri, M. L., Wrabetz, L. Signals to promote myelin formation and repair. Nat Rev Neurol. 6, 276-287 (2010).
- Saijilafu, E. M., Hur, F. Q., Zhou, Genetic dissection of axon regeneration via in vivo electroporation of adult mouse sensory neurons. Nat Commun. 2, 543 (2011).
- Tanaka, Y., Hirokawa, N. Mouse models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Trends Genet. 18, S39-S44 (2002).
