应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试
Summary
Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).
Abstract
In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)—a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.
Introduction
作为社会性的动物1，人类追求归属感2。因此，对于人类显著他人以及他们与他们的关系的行为是非常重要的，尤其是在不熟悉的和具有挑战性的情况。例如，在紧张的情况下，其他人的支持行为，以及积极的社会关系可以作为强大的资源，以应付压力3,4。这些社会资源，然而，相互作用以复杂的方式，并且有时不有效应力缓冲器5 本身 。为了研究在其下有利的行为和社会关系对应激反应的效果的条件下，两种不同的操作进行介绍，可以在特里尔社会中实现压力测试（TSST）6,7或TSST的组版本（TSST -G）8。两者都是标准协议以诱导在实验室水平高的心理和生理压力的<suP> 7。该TSST（-G）是诬陷，作为模拟面试，参加者都应该说服2面试（ 即遴选委员会），他们是最合适的人选了工作岗位。此外，参与者必须在评选委员会前执行心算任务。为了增加社会-评价威胁，参与者被告知，它们的视频将被记录的其非言语行为的分析以及语音频率分析6,7-。
操纵社会与个人的身份
要操作TSST（-G）内的社会关系，不同的技术来诱导“我们”-ness之间的TSST / TSST-G主角都提出了一个共同的社会身份9 -a感觉（比较GOCKEL 等。10， Hausser等人11）。一个SOCi中具体地，操作人的身份包括以下步骤11,12：（1）参赛者被放置在同一个表。 （2）在整个实验过程参与者的地址应为一组。 （3）参加者的名字的首字母进行操作是相同的，因为人们喜欢构成自己的名字13个字母 。此名称字母效应可以链接到提高人际吸引14。 （4）参赛者的年龄和职业的操作是相似的。 （5）参加者给出的T恤衫的相同颜色的。 （6）参加单独工作任务中，他们必须生成并写下理念，提高生活质量在自己的城市（任务1）。他们的想法付诸一个集体中，他们被告知，该集团的表现进行分析。 （7）参加者被要求把自己和他们同组成员之间的相似性（ 如目标，愿望和习惯）（任务2）中。 （8）一组图片是德恩。
为了诱导的个人身份，以下装置被采取：（1）参加者在三个单独的表就位。 （2）在整个实验过程参与者的地址为个人。 （3）参加者的名字的首字母进行操作有所不同。 （4）参赛者的年龄和职业的操作是不同的。 （5）参加者给出的T恤不同的颜色。 （6）参加者还对工作任务1。然而，他们的想法，提高生活质量放入单独的盒子，它强调的是他们的个人表现进行分析。 （7）参与者应想到的事情（比如，目标，意愿和习惯）来区分自己从他们的同组成员。 （8）每个参与者的个人拍照。重要的是，在这两个条件的参与者不能彼此以任何形式进行交互。此外，请注意，realiza的步骤3和4化需要使用同伙的，因此可能不适用于在每一个研究设计。
操纵支持与unsupportive行为
为了研究（UN）支持的行为，一个实验操作TSST-遴选委员会成员非言语行为的影响（比较泰勒等人。15）被引入。重要的是，该委员会的唯一非语言行为改变：与之形成鲜明对比的是标准版的TSST 6，其中该委员会成员进行培训，以参与者的响应中立的方式（通信即委员会成员提供面部无反馈的话），该委员会的成员现在的行为或者支承地或unsupportively。然而，委员会成员和标准化的口头陈述的TSST的程序不变。
这两个实验manipulati附加组件可以彼此独立地被应用，但也可以结合起来。总之，身份操纵已在我们的实验室对186男女健康学生和委员会行为对90男性和女性健康学生操作测试。在本文中，我们将介绍两种操作，如通过弗里施等 12进行了组合。建立在社会认同的方法16，弗里施等 12推测，在紧张的情况下的社会支持只会是有效的缓冲应激反应，如果提供和支持的共享收件人社会认同。使用2（社会与个人身份）×2（unsupportive与支持委员会的行为）被试间设计这一假设进行了测试。在这个实验中的第一部分，一个共享的社交身份（相对于个人身份）三个参与者之间被诱导。事实上，世界上只有一个真正的参与者和另外两个人被同伙谁假装是整个研究过程中真正的参与者。这两个同盟者是为了确保在即将到来的TSST的标准化委员会的行为中。在实验的第二部分中，TSST是向与会者介绍，他们被告知，他们中的一个将不得不作为求职者，另外两个将构成该委员会。这两个同盟者是通过使用大量的程序一个虚假的图纸指定为TSST-委员会的成员。在TSST，这两个委员会成员中的非言语行为被操纵，他们要么采取行动或支承地unsupportively。以下方案描述该实验12的步骤和更详细的操作。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
本协议描述的（一）在TSST不同主人公之间关系的两个有效的操作（ 例如 ，参与者TSST-G 11或 TSST-委员会和参与者12之间）和（b）的TSST-的行为委员会12。
所提出的操作的社会认同有几个优势。首先，它可以容易地在开始TSST之前实施。因此，它不改变标准TSST协议，可靠地触发应激反应是很重要的。其次，尽管该操作是非常小（例如，没有?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a grant (AZ: 76202-29-3/11) from the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony (Germany) to Andreas Mojzisch and Jan Häusser.
Materials
| 9 T-shirts in 3 colors (i.e., 3 in each color) | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Social/personal identity manipulation. | |
| 3 stick-on labels | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Social/personal identity manipulation. | |
| 3 boxes (e.g., made of cardboard) | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Social/personal identity manipulation (task 1). | |
| a little pouch | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Bogus lot drawing procedure (entails three lots: two neatly folded lots labeled with with “committee” and one crumpled-up lot labeled with “applicant”). | |
| 2 stopwatches | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee). | |
| 2 video cameras | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Place in Room 2 (one for allegedly filming the participant, one for filming the behavior of the committee). | |
| 2 tripods | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Place in Room 2. | |
| 1 microphone | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Place in Room 2 (for allegedly recording the speech and the answers of the participant). | |
| 1 microphone stand | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Place in Room 2. | |
| several pens | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | ||
| Furniture | |||
| 3 chairs | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Room 1 A and B (social/ personal identity manipulation). | |
| 1 big table | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Room 1A (social identity manipulation). | |
| 3 small tables | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Room 1B (personal identity manipulation). | |
| 1 big table | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Room 2 (TSST-committee). | |
| 2 chairs | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Room 2 (TSST-committee). | |
| Questionnaires/ instructions | |||
| 3 informed consents | Use the informed consent of your institution (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant). | ||
| 3 manipulation checks of identity salience | Items of Frisch et al. (2014), Häusser et al. (2012) or Doosje et al. (1995) | Hand out after the identity salience manipulation (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant). | |
| 2 "instructions" for the TSST-committee | Hand out to the committee members (i.e., the confederates) at the end of the bogus lot drawing procedure. These "instructions" are part of the cover story so that the real participant believes that the two confederates are real participants as well and need to be informed about their roles in the TSST. However, since the confederates are of course already familiar with the TSST procedure, it is not important what these instructions actually entail (e.g., as a reminder for the confederates they may entail the exact wording of the verbal instructions of the committee). | ||
| 2 solutions to the mental arithmetic task | Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee). | ||
| 1 (or 3) manipulation check(s) of committee behavior | Items of Frisch et al. (2014) | Hand out after the TSST (for the real participant only). (However, in order to keep up the role of the confederates as real participants, a similar questionnaire can be handed out to the confederates asking them how they evaluate their own behavior during the TSST.) | |
| several sheets of blank paper | any brand/manufacturer is suitable | Hand out for task 1, task 2, preparation time of TSST (for the real participant), notes during the TSST (for the TSST-committee). |
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