Summary

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

Published: April 22, 2015
doi:

Summary

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Abstract

除了在社会交往和制约利益和重复性行为的存在障碍,在感觉处理赤字目前公认的自闭症谱系障碍的核心症状(ASD)。我们的感知和交互与外部世界的能力根源于感觉处理。例如,收听谈话嗣继承处理听觉线索从扬声器(语音内容,韵律,语法)来以及相关的视觉信息(面部表情,手势)。总的来说,这些多感官( ,结合视听)条信息的结果更好地理解了“一体化”。此类多感觉整合已经被证明是强烈地依赖于成对刺激的时间关系。因此,发生在接近的时间上的刺激非常可能导致行为和感性的好处 – 认为增益是反射的这两个刺激来自相同源的可能性的感知系统的判断。有望改变这种时空一体化强烈改变知觉过程,并有可能削弱准确地感知和我们的世界互动的能力。在这里,旨在为自闭症儿童的感官和多感官时间处理各方面的表征任务的电池进行描述。除了其在孤独症效用,该电池具有用于在其他临床人群表征变化在感觉功能,以及被用于检查变化在整个生命周期这些过程的巨大潜力。

Introduction

传统的神经科学的研究往往将重点放在个人的感官方式了解感官知觉。然而,环境由感觉输入一个广泛被融入世界的一个看似轻松的方式统一感性观点。我们存在于这样一个丰富的多感官环境的事实要求我们更好地理解,其中,脑结合在不同的感觉系统信息的方式。需要对这种认识的事实是多片的感觉信息的存在经常导致在行为和认知1-3实质性的改进进一步放大。例如,有一个大的改善(高达15分贝的信噪比)能够理解的语音在嘈杂的环境中,如果在观察者也能看到说话人的嘴唇动作4-7的能力。

其中一个主要的因素影响不同的感觉输入如何组合和整合是他们的相对时间接近。如果发生两种感官线索并拢时刻,即表明共同的起源的时间的结构,它们极有可能被集成为证明行为变化和感知8-12。其中一个最有力的实验工具用于检查多感官时间结构上的行为和感知响应的影响是同时性判定(SJ)任务13-16。在这样的任务,多感官( 视觉和听觉)刺激是在各种刺激发病asynchronies(SOA的),从客观上同时配对( ,时间为0毫秒偏移量)高度异步的( 例如 ,400毫秒)。参与者被要求判断刺激的同时或不通过一个简单的按钮按下。在这样的任务,即使当视觉和听觉刺激是在100毫秒或者更长时间的SOA呈现,受试者报告该一对是同时在试验中相当大的比例。在其中两个输入可以发生,并且具有被感知为同时存在的被称为时间窗口的结合(TBW)17-19的概率高的时间窗口。

所述TBW是高度行为学构建体,因为它代表了我们19周围世界的统计规律。 “窗口”提供了灵活性,共同起源事件的说明; 1,其允许在不同的距离以不同的传播时间(物理和神经),以仍然被“绑定”到另一个发生的刺激。然而,尽管TBW是一个概率构建体,该扩展(或收缩)这个窗口的大小的变化可能有级联和感知20,21潜在的不利影响。

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍已被诊断为经典ØN的社会交际的赤字的基础和利益的限制和重复的行为22的存在。此外,正如最近在DSM-5编,自闭症儿童经常表现出的变化在其对感官刺激。而不是仅限于一个单一的感觉,这些赤字往往包含多种感官,包括听觉,触觉,平衡,口感和视觉。伴随着这样的“多感官”的介绍,自闭症的个体往往表现出颞境界赤字。总的来说,这些观察表明,多感官的时间功能可以优先改变自闭症17,23-25。虽然有一致的ASD改变感觉功能来看,变化多感官功能的时间也可能是一个重要因素在ASD社会交际的赤字,给的重要性快速,准确的多感官刺激的结合为社会和通信功能。就拿一个N实施例的语音交流如上所述,其中重要的信息被包含在两个听觉和视觉方式。事实上,这些任务已经用于证明在高功能孤独症儿童26-28在多感官TBW的宽度显著差异。

由于其对正常感知功能,其高阶过程如社会交流(和其他认知能力)的潜在影响,并且其临床相关性的重要性,目的是评估在ASD患儿多感官颞功能的任务的电池进行说明。

Protocol

伦理声明:所有受试者必须在实验前提供知情同意书。这里所描述的研究已获得范德比尔特大学医学中心的伦理审查委员会。 1.实验设置要求参与者完成任务昏暗,声音控制的房间。 注:考虑实施一个可视化的时间表29,30作为研究设计的一部分。虽然在该电池的每个任务相对较短,执行一排多个任务能引起疲劳在一些儿童,都与典型的开发?…

Representative Results

此任务的电池已被证明在测量中使用和不使用的ASD 17,18,23,27出版时间处理的个体差异非常成功的。对于在SJ任务,通过首先计算响应的比例在每个SOA的该主题的答复是“同步”,然后拟合与高斯曲线所得响应曲线绘制从每个个体对象所得到的数据。 如图1A所示 ,有一个时间窗口,其中视觉听觉刺激对可呈现的延迟,将被认为是同步于试验的比例很高。所述TBW的“左”(覆盖听…

Discussion

这份手稿描述了用于评估感觉和多感官系统的研究时间处理和敏锐一个心理任务电池的元素。该电池具有广泛的适用性为一些种群,并为了在典型的成人18,儿童10,39表征视听时间性能已被用于我们的实验室,并在儿童和成年人患有自闭症17,23。此外,它已被用于检查所述电池的各个方面如何与彼此相关性分析27,和目前正在使用涉及措施认知领域,包括语言和交流…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by NIH R21CA183492, the Simons Foundation, the Wallace Research Foundation, and by CTSA award UL1TR000445 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

Materials

Oscilloscope
Photovoltaic cell
Microphone
Noise-cancelling headphones
Chin rest
Audiometer

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Baum, S. H., Stevenson, R. A., Wallace, M. T. Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J. Vis. Exp. (98), e52677, doi:10.3791/52677 (2015).

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