Summary

O Teste de Natação Forçada como um modelo de Depressive-like Comportamento

Published: March 02, 2015
doi:

Summary

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Abstract

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

Introduction

A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico que ameaçam a vida e uma grande preocupação de saúde pública mundial, com uma incidência de 5% e uma prevalência de 15-20%. Além disso, estima-se que até 2020 a depressão será nos três maiores contribuintes para o peso da doença 1,2. A depressão está associada com deficiência, diminuição da qualidade de vida, aumento dos custos relacionados com a saúde e é considerado um fator de risco principal para muitas doenças, incluindo doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas e distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos 3,4 .Current tratamentos fármaco-terapêutica têm limitado a eficácia e estão associados com muitos efeitos colaterais deletérios 5,6. Por isso, uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia desta doença junto com o desenvolvimento de tratamentos inovadores e melhoradas continua a ser crucial. Assim, os modelos animais são essenciais para o avanço da investigação neste domínio.

Existem diversos modelos utilizados para o estudo desta desordem (<em> por exemplo, teste de preferência sacarose, teste de suspensão pela cauda) com o teste de natação forçada (FST, também conhecido como teste de Porsolt após o desenvolvedor deste modelo 7,8), sendo um dos ensaios mais comumente utilizados 7,9-12.

Durante a FST um animal é colocado num recipiente cheio com água do qual não pode escapar. O animal vai primeiro tentar escapar, mas, eventualmente, vai expor a imobilidade (ou seja, flutuando com a ausência de qualquer movimento, exceto se forem necessários para manter o nariz fora da água). O FST é um modelo muito popular em investigação animal para uma série de razões. Primeiro, ela envolve a exposição dos animais ao stress, que se mostrou ter um papel na tendência para a depressão maior 12-14. Além disso depressão é muitas vezes visto como uma falta de habilidade para lidar com o estresse 15-17. Em segundo lugar, o tratamento farmacológico com antidepressivos antes do teste foi mostrado para reduzir a imobilidade no TNF <sup> 18-23. Por conseguinte, é muitas vezes utilizado como um ensaio de rastreio de novos compostos com propriedades antidepressivas potenciais 15-17,24. Além disso, o FST foi mostrado para compartilhar alguns dos fatores que são influenciados ou alterados por depressão em seres humanos, tais como mudanças no consumo de alimentos, alterações do sono e anedonia 15-17,24 droga retirada induzida. Esta é também a razão pela qual este teste é por vezes utilizado para avaliar o comportamento depressivo-como em camundongos mutantes, com aumento ou diminuição da imobilidade basal (em comparação com 'do tipo selvagem' ratos) 25,26.

Protocol

NOTA: Todos os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comitê Internacional para Cuidados e Uso de Animais em Israel. Foram feitos todos os esforços para minimizar o número de animais utilizados e seu sofrimento. 1. Preparação para o teste de natação forçada Use duas salas adjacentes. Usar um quarto como uma "sala de espera" para manter os animais antes do teste comportamental, e o outro para a realização do procedimento. Preparar os recipientes…

Representative Results

Os seguintes resultados são baseados em dados não publicados do nosso laboratório. Neste experimento, os ratos do sexo feminino adulto ICR foram testados após 3 semanas de tratamento com o inibidor da recaptação da serotonina (ISRS) escitalopram ou novo tratamento anti-depressivo e anti-ansiedade herbal (NHT) (para mais informações sobre o tratamento à base de plantas, ver 12 , 27,28). One-way ANOVA revelou que o tratamento reduziu comportamento depressivo-like no FST [F (2,58) = 4,88, p <0,05]. A…

Discussion

O FST é usado para monitorar o comportamento depressivo-like e baseia-se no pressuposto de que a imobilidade reflecte uma medida de desespero comportamental 3. As principais vantagens deste processo residem na sua operação relativamente fácil e resultados rápidos. Além disso, sua sensibilidade para uma ampla gama de medicamentos antidepressivos que faz com que seja um teste de rastreio adequado é uma das características mais importantes que levam à sua alta validade preditiva 29. Important…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Computer Dell intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram
Camera VIDO AU-CB422 B/W CCD CAMERA 
http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2
Coding software Biobserve FST Analysis
http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html
Heating lamp Ikea AA-19025-3 ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb 
http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf
Heating pillow Sachs EF-188B 38*38cm Heating pillow
http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id=
604

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Yankelevitch-Yahav, R., Franko, M., Huly, A., Doron, R. The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior. J. Vis. Exp. (97), e52587, doi:10.3791/52587 (2015).

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