Summary

Den Tvunget Swim Test som en modell av Depressiv-lignende oppførsel

Published: March 02, 2015
doi:

Summary

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Abstract

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

Introduction

Depresjon er en livstruende psykiatrisk lidelse og et stort folkehelseproblem over hele verden med en insidens på 5% og en livstidsprevalens på 15-20%. Videre er det anslått at innen 2020 depresjon vil være blant de tre beste bidragsyterne til sykdomsbyrden 1,2. Depresjon er assosiert med funksjonshemming, nedsatt livskvalitet, økt helserelaterte kostnader og regnes som en hoved risikofaktor for mange sykdommer, inkludert hjerte, metabolske og nevropsykiatriske lidelser 3,4 .Current Farmakoterapeutisk behandlinger har begrenset effekt og er assosiert med mange skadelige bivirkninger 5,6. Derfor en bedre forståelse av patofysiologien ved denne lidelsen sammen med utviklingen av innovative og forbedrede behandlinger fortsatt avgjørende. Derfor dyremodeller er avgjørende for å fremme forskningen på dette feltet.

Det er mange modeller som benyttes for studier av denne lidelse (<em> f.eks sukrose preferanse test, hale suspensjonstest) med tvungen svømmetest (FST, også kjent som Porsolt test etter utvikleren av denne modellen 7,8) er en av de mest brukte analyser 7,9-12.

Under FST et dyr plasseres i en beholder fylt med vann, hvorfra den ikke kan unnslippe. Dyret vil først forsøke å unnslippe, men til slutt vil oppvise immobilitet (dvs. flytende med fravær av enhver bevegelse med unntak av de som er nødvendige for å holde nesen over vann). FST er en svært populær modell i dyreforsøk for en rekke årsaker. For det første medfører det eksponeringen av dyrene på stress, som ble vist å ha en rolle i tendensen til alvorlig depresjon 12-14. Videre depresjon blir ofte sett på som en manglende evne til å håndtere stress 15-17. For det andre har farmakologisk behandling med antidepressiva før testen vist seg å redusere immobilitet i FST <sup> 18-23. Derfor er det ofte brukt som en screening test for nye forbindelser med potensielle antidepressive egenskaper 15-17,24. I tillegg har FST vist seg å dele noen av de faktorene som er påvirket eller endret ved depresjon hos mennesker, for eksempel endringer i matvareforbruk, søvnforstyrrelser og narkotika-uttak-indusert anhedoni 15-17,24. Dette er også grunnen til at denne testen er noen ganger brukt til å vurdere depressive-lignende oppførsel i mutante mus, med økning eller reduksjon i basal immobilitet (i forhold til "vill-type 'mus) 25,26.

Protocol

MERK: Alle forsøksprotokoller ble godkjent av den internasjonale komiteen for Animal Care og bruk i Israel. Alle forsøk ble gjort for å minimere antall dyr brukt og deres lidelser. 1. Forberedelse til Tvunget Swim Test Bruk to tilstøtende rom. Bruke ett rom som en "venterom" for å holde dyrene før adferdstesting, og den andre for utførelse av fremgangsmåten. Forberede transparente sylindriske glassbeholdere (den eneste begrensningen for antall container…

Representative Results

Følgende resultater er basert på upubliserte data fra vår lab. I dette forsøket ble voksen ICR hunnmus testet etter tre ukers behandling med selektive serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram eller roman urte anti-depressive og anti-angst behandling (NHT) (for ytterligere informasjon om urte behandling, se 12 , 27,28). Enveis ANOVA viste at behandlingen reduserte depressive-lignende oppførsel i FST [F (2,58) = 4,88, p <0,05]. Ensidig Dunnet-analyse viste at behandling med enten escitalopram el…

Discussion

FST brukes til å overvåke depressive-lignende oppførsel, og er basert på antagelsen om at immobilitet reflekterer et mål på atferdsfortvilelse tre. De viktigste fordelene med denne fremgangsmåten ligger i dens forholdsvis enkel betjening og raske resultater. Videre, dens følsomhet overfor et bredt spekter av antidepressive midler som gjør den til en egnet screeningstest er en av de viktigste egenskaper som fører til den høye prediktiv validitet 29. Viktigere, kan denne testen også skill…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Computer Dell intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram
Camera VIDO AU-CB422 B/W CCD CAMERA 
http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2
Coding software Biobserve FST Analysis
http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html
Heating lamp Ikea AA-19025-3 ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb 
http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf
Heating pillow Sachs EF-188B 38*38cm Heating pillow
http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id=
604

Referências

  1. Levinson, D. F. The genetics of depression: a review. Biological psychiatry. 60, 84-92 (2006).
  2. Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 349, 1498-1504 (1997).
  3. Cryan, J. F., Holmes, A. The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nature reviews. Drug discovery. 4, 775-790 (2005).
  4. Thase, M. E. Managing depressive and anxiety disorders with escitalopram. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 7, 429-440 (2006).
  5. Lam, R. W., Kennedy, S. H. Evidence-based strategies for achieving and sustaining full remission in depression: focus on metaanalyses. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. 49, 17S-26S (2004).
  6. Dording, C. M., et al. The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists. Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 14, 143-147 (2002).
  7. Porsolt, R. D., Le Pichon, M., Jalfre, M. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature. 266, 730-732 (1977).
  8. Porsolt, R. D., Bertin, A., Jalfre, M. Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie. 229, 327-336 (1977).
  9. Cryan, J. F., Markou, A., Lucki, I. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: Recent developments and future needs. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 23, 238-245 (2002).
  10. Cryan, J. F., et al. Norepinephrine-deficient mice lack responses to antidepressant drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101, 8186-8191 (2004).
  11. Porsolt, R. D., Anton, G., Blavet, N., Jalfre, M. Behavioural despair in rats: A new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. European Journal of Pharmacology. 47, 379-391 (1978).
  12. Doron, R., et al. A novel herbal treatment reduces depressive-like behaviors and increases BDNF levels in the brain of stressed mice. Life sciences. 94, 151-157 (2014).
  13. Caspi, A., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 301, 386-389 (2003).
  14. Kaufman, J., et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biological psychiatry. 59, 673-680 (2006).
  15. Anisman, H., Zacharko, R. M. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral consequences of stressors: Implications for depression. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 46, 119-136 (1990).
  16. Kessler, R. C. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology. 48, 191-214 (1997).
  17. Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., Kendler, K. S. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157, 1552-1562 (2000).
  18. Cryan, J. F., Valentino, R. J., Lucki, I. Assessing substrates underlying the behavioral effects of antidepressants using the modified rat forced swimming test. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 29, 547-569 (2005).
  19. Detke, M. J., Lucki, I. Detection of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test: The effects of water depth. Behavioural Brain Research. 73, 43-46 (1996).
  20. Hemby, S. E., et al. Potential antidepressant effects of novel tropane compounds, selective for serotonin or dopamine transporters. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 282, 727-733 (1997).
  21. Bouvard, M., Stinus, L. In the rat forced swimming test, chronic but not subacute administration of dual 5-HT/NA antidepressant treatments may produce greater effects than selective drugs. Behavioural Brain Research. 136, 521-532 (2002).
  22. Page, M. E., Detke, M. J., Dalvi, A., Kirby, L. G., Lucki, I. Serotonergic mediation of the effects of fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology. 147, 162-167 (1999).
  23. Rubalcava, C., Lucki, I. Strain differences in the behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs in the rat forced swimming test. Neuropsychopharmacology. 22, 191-199 (2000).
  24. Cryan, J. F., Mombereau, C., Vassout, A. The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: Review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 29, 571-625 (2005).
  25. Cryan, J. F., Mombereau, C. In search of a depressed mouse: Utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Molecular Psychiatry. 9, 326-357 (2004).
  26. Sang, K. P., et al. Par-4 links dopamine signaling and depression. Cell. 122, 275-287 (2005).
  27. Doron, R., et al. Anxiolytic effects of a novel herbal treatment in mice models of anxiety. Life sciences. 90, 995-1000 (2012).
  28. Doron, R., et al. Escitalopram or novel herbal mixture treatments during or following exposure to stress reduce anxiety-like behavior through corticosterone and BDNF modifications. PloS one. 9, e91455 (2014).
  29. Borsini, F., Meli, A. Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity. Psychopharmacology. 94, 147-160 (1988).
  30. Reinhold, J. A., Mandos, L. A., Rickels, K., Lohoff, F. W. Pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 12, 2457-2467 (2011).
  31. Estrada-Camarena, E., Fernandez-Guasti, A., Lopez-Rubalcava, C. Interaction between estrogens and antidepressants in the forced swimming test in rats. Psychopharmacology. 173, 139-145 (2004).
  32. Weiss, J. M., Kilts, C. D. Animal models of depression and schizophrenia. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. , 89-131 (1998).
  33. Armario, A., Gavaldà, A., Martí, J. Comparison of the behavioural and endocrine response to forced swimming stress in five inbred strains of rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 20, 879-890 (1995).
  34. Paré, W. P. Open field, learned helplessness, conditioned defensive burying, and forced-swim tests in WKY rats. Physiology and Behavior. 55, 433-439 (1994).
  35. Overstreet, D. H., Friedman, E., Mathe, A. A., Yadid, G. The Flinders Sensitive Line rat: a selectively bred putative animal model of depression. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 29, 739-759 (2005).
  36. Piras, G., Piludu, M. A., Giorgi, O., Corda, M. G. Effects of chronic antidepressant treatments in a putative genetic model of vulnerability (Roman low-avoidance rats) and resistance (Roman high-avoidance rats) to stress-induced depression. Psychopharmacology. 231, 43-53 (2014).
  37. Bielajew, C., et al. Strain and Gender Specific Effects in the Forced Swim Test. Effects of Previous Stress Exposure. Stress. 6, 269-280 (2003).
  38. Fujisaki, C., et al. An immnosuppressive drug, cyclosporine-A acts like anti-depressant for rats under unpredictable chronic stress. Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences. 50, 93-100 (2003).
  39. Gomez, R., Vargas, C. R., Wajner, M., Barros, H. M. T. Lower in vivo brain extracellular GABA concentration in diabetic rats during forced swimming. Brain research. 968, 281-284 (2003).
  40. Hilakivi-Clarke, L. A., Wozniak, K. M., Durcan, M. J., Linnoila, M. Behavior of streptozotocin-diabetic mice in tests of exploration, locomotion, anxiety, depression and aggression. Physiology and Behavior. 48, 429-433 (1990).
  41. Cryan, J. F., Hoyer, D., Markou, A. Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine induces depressive-like behavioral effects in rodents. Biological psychiatry. 54, 49-58 (2003).
  42. Portella, M. J., et al. Can we really accelerate and enhance the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant effect? A randomized clinical trial and a meta-analysis of pindolol in nonresistant depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 72, 962-969 (2011).
  43. Machado-Vieira, R., Salvadore, G., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Manji, H. K., Zarate, C. A. Rapid onset of antidepressant action: a new paradigm in the research and treatment of major depressive disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 69, 946-958 (2008).
  44. Bordet, R., Thomas, P., Dupuis, B. Effect of pindolol on onset of action of paroxetine in the treatment of major depression: intermediate analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reseau de Recherche et d’Experimentation Psychopharmacologique. The American journal of psychiatry. 155, 1346-1351 (1998).
  45. Dulawa, S. C., Holick, K. A., Gundersen, B., Hen, R. Effects of chronic fluoxetine in animal models of anxiety and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 29, 1321-1330 (2004).
  46. Willner, P. Animal models of depression: An overview. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 45, 425-455 (1990).
  47. Jefferys, D., Funder, J. The effect of water temperature on immobility in the forced swimming test in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 253, 91-94 (1994).
  48. West, A. P. Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: The role of learning and memory in the forced swim test. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 14, 863-877 (1990).
  49. De Pablo, J. M., Parra, A., Segovia, S., Guillamon, A. Learned immobility explains the behavior of rats in the forced swimming test. Physiology and Behavior. 46, 229-237 (1989).
  50. Dal-Zotto, S., Martí, O., Armario, A. Influence of single or repeated experience of rats with forced swimming on behavioural and physiological responses to the stressor. Behavioural Brain Research. 114, 175-181 (2000).
  51. Rittenhouse, P. A., López-Rubalcava, C., Stanwood, G. D., Lucki, I. Amplified behavioral and endocrine responses to forced swim stress in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 27, 303-318 (2002).
  52. Overstreet, D. H., Keeney, A., Hogg, S. Antidepressant effects of citalopram and CRF receptor antagonist CP-154,526 in a rat model of depression. European Journal of Pharmacology. 492, 195-201 (2004).
  53. Chaki, S., et al. MGS0039: A potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist with antidepressant-like activity. Neuropharmacology. 46, 457-467 (2004).
  54. Mague, S. D., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of κ-opioid receptor antagonists in the forced swim test in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 305, 323-330 (2003).
  55. Molina-Hernández, M., Téllez-Alcántara, N. P. Antidepressant-like actions of pregnancy, and progesterone in Wistar rats forced to swim. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 26, 479-491 (2001).
  56. Estrada-Camarena, E., Fernández-Guasti, A., López-Rubalcava, C. Antidepressant-like effect of different estrogenic compounds in the forced swimming test. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 28, 830-838 (2003).
  57. Gersner, R., Gordon-Kiwkowitz, M., Zangen, A. Automated behavioral analysis of limbs’ activity in the forced swim test. Journal of neuroscience. 180, 82-86 (2009).
  58. Einat, H. Partial effects of the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine in a battery of tests for manic-like behavior in black Swiss mice. Pharmacological reports : PR. 66, 722-725 (2014).
check_url/pt/52587?article_type=t

Play Video

Citar este artigo
Yankelevitch-Yahav, R., Franko, M., Huly, A., Doron, R. The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior. J. Vis. Exp. (97), e52587, doi:10.3791/52587 (2015).

View Video