生产的非复制型犬2型腺病毒衍生载体与纯化

Over the past decades, adenoviruses (Ads) derived vectors have proven their efficacy for gene therapy and vaccination, as well as in oncolytic virotherapy ¹. Ads are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses of the Adenoviridae family, which have been isolated from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Since their discovery in 1953, Ads have been intensively studied as models to study virus/cell interactions and, more recently, as vector-based gene delivery systems ². Indeed, Ads-based vectors offer many advantages, such as their broad host range and well-characterized biology, together with the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated and amplified for large-scale production.

In order to overcome clinical difficulties related to pre-existing immunity in human populations towards vectors derived from human Ads ³, we and others began to derive vectors from nonhuman Ads ⁴. In addition, nonhuman adenoviral vectors appear to be more adapted for mass vaccination in veterinary medicine than the classically used adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), since they should be more compliant with safety and security requirements during the risk assessment by the national regulatory authorities. In the late 1990s, we described the first recombinant CAV2 as a nonhuman alternative to vectors derived from Ad5 ⁵. Since then, numerous studies have confirmed the potential of CAV2 vectors for therapeutic or antigenic gene transfer (for reviews ^6,7). Like other Ads, CAV2-derived vectors are stable and can be produced at high titers, which facilitates their in vivo use. They are also safe, since they are not integrative, although they allow long lasting transgene expression in vivo (>1 year) ⁸. Remarkably, and better than human Ads serotypes, CAV2 vectors have been shown to be highly neurotropic, with a very efficient retrograde transport in axons ^9,10. This intrinsic property brought the idea of using recombinant CAV2 vectors to transduce neurons of specific brain areas that are hardly accessible to lentiviral vectors, so far commonly used for gene transfer into the central nervous system ¹¹.

Here, we describe a simple and classical protocol to construct, produce and purify nonreplicative CAV2 vectors derived from the Manhattan strain. Recombinant CAV2 genomes are constructed by cloning the desired gene of interest (GOI) in a cassette downstream of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early promoter, which provides a ubiquitous expression. CAV2 vectors have a cloning capacity of ~4.2 kbp, which allows expressing large cDNA. In a second step, this expression cassette is inserted by homologous recombination in place of the E1 region of the CAV2 genome, leading to a nonreplicative virus (dlE1), as described initially by Chartier et al.¹² Finally, viral particles are produced upon transfection of the genomic plasmid into a CAV2-E1-expressing canine kidney cell line (DK-E1) and are serially amplified prior to concentration and purification of viral stocks. The method described here uses a two-step ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride (CsCl) gradients, which enables enrichment of infectious particles with a high final titer (usually over 10¹⁰ infectious particles per ml). The viral suspension is then desalted by chromatography through disposable Sephadex G-25 columns so that it is ultimately pure enough to be directly used in vivo.