JoVE Journal > Neuroscience
Summary
Abstract
Protocol
Resultados
Discussion
Declarações
Acknowledgements
Materials
Referências
Please note that all translations are automatically generated. Click here for the English version.
Neurociência

解剖，文化与分析<em>非洲爪蟾</em>胚胎视网膜组织

Published: December 23, 2012
doi:
10.3791/4377
, , , , ,
1Department of Biology,College of William and Mary

Summary

非洲爪蟾提供了一个理想的模型系统，为研究细胞命运和生理功能的个人视网膜细胞的原代细胞培养。在这里，我们提出了一种技术，用于解剖视网膜组织并产生成像的原代细胞培养活性钙和原位杂交分析。

Abstract

前区的神经板产生的脊椎动物视网膜的过程仍然是一个重大的临床和基础研究的重点。除了 ​​明显的理解和治疗视网膜疾病的医疗相关的脊椎动物视网膜的发展作为一项重要而优雅的模型系统的理解决定和分化的神经元细胞类型1-16。的视网膜神经由6个独立单元（神经节细胞，无长突细胞，水平，感光细胞，双极细胞和Müller胶质细胞），其布置在定型层，一个模式，主要是保守的所有脊椎动物12,14-18。

在学习的完整胚胎发育的视网膜中明确要求的理解这个复杂的器官如何发展一个突出的前脑的层状结构，有很多问题，有利于从米采用采用推定视网膜细胞的原代细胞培养7,19-23。例如，分析细胞组织去除和分离在不同的阶段可以辨别的状态规格的单个细胞在不同的发展阶段，也就是细胞的命运的情况下与周围组织的相互作用8,19-22 ,24-33。原代细胞培养也允许调查员来处理与特定的试剂和文化上单个细胞水平5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39的，分析的结果。一个经典的模型系统，研究非洲爪蟾，早期神经发展19,27,29,31-32,40-42的 ，作为一个特别合适的视网膜原代细胞培养系统10,38,43-45。

推定视网膜组织从最初的发展阶段，紧随神经诱导25,38,43。此外，由于日胚胎在每个单元格中包含的供给蛋黄，视网膜细胞的培养可以在一个非常简单的定义的介质组成的一个缓冲的盐溶液中，从而消除了混杂影响的潜伏期或其他血清型产品10,24,44-45 。

然而，从周围组织和随后的处理的视网膜组织的隔离是具有挑战性的。在这里，我们提出了一种方法，在非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）的视网膜细胞，将被用于制备原代细胞培养，反过来，在单一细胞的分辨率的的钙活性和基因表达进行分析的解剖和解离。虽然本文介绍的主题是自发性钙瞬变分析，该技术广泛适用于广泛的研究问题和方法（ 图1）。

Protocol

所有的实验都完成后的实验动物护理和使用委员会在威廉和玛丽学院批准的协议。在本协议中引用的发展阶段根据Nieuwkoop和Faber 46的 。 1。解剖允许的细胞培养液中的钙，镁免费中等（CMF），以平衡至室温。您还需要0.1X马克的改良林格（MMR）的pH值7.4-7.6。 消毒通过施加在细胞培养层流罩30分钟的UV光对以下项目。 （喷每个资料前放置在通风橱中，用70％…

Representative Results

成功解剖视神经的囊泡（阶段25）和视网膜（阶段35）的实施例示于图2E和2J。虽然这种协议可以用于在不同的开发阶段，这是至关重要的，从而只获得视网膜组织确保准确性的进一步的实验。小心地去除表皮的各个阶段，并确保您的镊子不要刺穿视网膜组织。 35岁或以上在第二阶段中，透镜可以看到作为一个透明层的顶部的视网膜和可以由谨慎刮削使用镊子除去。 <p class="jove_content…

Discussion

凭借其良好的特点是保守的细胞类型，在所有脊椎动物中，视网膜提供了一个有用的模型研究细胞的分子过程规范和分化细胞类型。原代细胞培养提供了一个功能强大的方法，调查范围广泛的过程，包括基因表达，蛋白质动力学，钙和电活动在单细胞分辨率水平。在这里，我们提出了一个简单的原代细胞培养技术，从解剖假定视网膜组织在非洲爪蟾 ，特别适合生物体进行此类研究的假定，…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们亲切地感谢约翰·海斯博士脚本，博士。埃里克·布拉德利和克里斯托弗·德尔 – 内格罗共聚焦显微镜的帮助;德鲁·休斯，劳拉ODORIZZI，亚历Garafalo，丽贝卡Lowden，和Liz麦克默里对他们的工作在发展该项目，并提供初步的数据统计分析有用的建议;格雷戈·史密斯博士。这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院授予（NINDS IR15N5067566 01）MSS和霍华德休斯医学研究所的科学教育补助金的威廉和玛丽学院支持。

Materials

Name of the reagent Company Catalogue number
For Dissections and Culturing
BD Falcon Easy Grip Tissue Culture Dishes, 35 mm Fisher 08-772A
Disposable Polystyrene Petri Dishes, 60 x 15 mm Fisher 0875713A
35 mm Nunclon Surface Petri Dishes (with Airvent) Fisher 12-565-91
Dumont Fine Forceps (Dumostar #55) Fisher NC9341917
Cellattice Micro-ruled plastic coverslip, 25 mm Fisher 50-313-17
Ethyl-m-Aminobenzoate Methanesulfonate Salt (MS-222) MP Biomedicals, LLC 103106
Gentamicin Sulfate Enzo Life Sciences 380-003-G025
Gibco Trypsin (1:250) Powder Life Technologies 27250-018
Collagenase B from Clostridium histolyticum Roche 11088831001
Penicillin-Streptomycin Gibco 15140-122
Nile Blue Sulfate (optional) Pfaltz & Bauer N05550
500 ml Vacuum Filter/Storage Bottle System, 0.22 μm Pore 33.2 cm2 CN Membrane Corning 430758
For Calcium Imaging
Fluo-4 AM 1 mM Solution in DMSO, Cell Permanent Life Technologies F-14217
Pluronic F-127 10% Solution in Water Life Technologies P-6866
LSM 510 Confocal Microscope System Zeiss Model Discontinued
Blocking Reagent Roche 11096176001
For Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Anti-Digoxigenin-POD, Fab Fragments Roche 11207733910
Anti-DNP-HRP Antibody Perkin-Elmer NEL747A
Cy3 NHS ester GE Healthcare PA13101
NHS-Fluorescein Thermo Scientific 46409
Formamide, Deionized Amresco 0606-950ML
Torula RNA, Type IX Sigma-Aldrich R3629
Heparin Sodium Salt, from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Sigma-Aldrich H3393-250KU
CHAPS Sigma-Aldrich C3023

Table 2. Specific reagents and equipment.
Solution Reference Contents
Cell Culture Medium Chang and Spitzer , 200954 116 mM NaCl
0.67 mM KCl
2 mM CaCl2
1.31 mM MgSO4
4.6 mM Tris
1 % (v:v) Penicillin/Streptomycin
Adjust pH to 7.8 with HCl.
Filter sterilize by passing through a 0.22 μm CN filter.
Store at 4 °C.
Calcium-Magnesium Free Medium (CMF) Gu et al., 199442; Gu and Spitzer, 199555 116 mM NaCl
0.67 mM KCl
4.6 mM Tris
0.4 mM EDTA
1 % (v:v) Penicillin/Streptomycin
Adjust pH to 7.8 with HCl.
Filter sterilize by passing through a 0.22 μm CN filter.
Store at 4 °C.
Maleic Acid Buffer (MAB) Sive et al., 200053 100 mM maleic acid
150 mM NaCl (pH 7.5).
Marc’s Modified Ringers (MMR), 10X Sive et al., 200053 100 mM NaCl
mM KCl
1 mM MgSO4
2 mM CaCl2
5 mM HEPES
pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH
0.1X MMR also contains 50 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate and pH is adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH.
MEMFA Solution, 10X Sive et al., 200053 0.1 M MOPS (Ph 7.4)
2 mM EGTA
1 mM MgSO4
3.7% formaldehyde
A 10X solution, without formaldehyde, can be stored at 4 °C. Formaldehyde is added fresh (1/10 volume of a standard 37% stock).
In situ Hybridization Buffer Sive et al., 200053 50% Formamide
5X SSC
1 mg/ml Torula RNA
100 mg/ml Heparin
1X Denhart’s Solution
0.1% Tween 20
0.1% CHAPS
10 mM EDTA.

Solutions. *Gentamicin, an antibiotic, is used in our MMR solutions while penicillin and streptomycin are used in our culture media.
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Referências

  1. Horder, T. J., Spitzer, J. L. Absence of cell mobility across the retina in Xenopus laevis embryos. J. Physiol. 233, 33p-34p (1973).
  2. Hollyfield, J. G., Rayborn, M. E., Sarthy, P. V., Lam, D. M. The emergence, localization and maturation of neurotransmitter systems during development of the retina in Xenopus laevis. I. Gamma aminobutyric acid. J. Comp. Neurol. 188, 587-598 (1979).
  3. Hamm, H. E., Menaker, M. Retinal rhythms in chicks: circadian variation in melantonin and serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 4998-5002 (1980).
  4. Szaro, B., Ide, C., Kaye, C., Tompkins, R. Regulation in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis demonstrated by genetic markers. J. Exp. Zool. 234, 117-129 (1985).
  5. Holliday, J., Spitzer, N. C. Spontaneous calcium influx and its roles in differentiation of spinal neurons in culture. Dev. Biol. 141, 13-23 (1990).
  6. Marsh-Armstrong, N., McCaffery, P., Gilbert, W., Dowling, J. E., Drager, U. C. Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 7286-7290 (1994).
  7. Feller, M. B. The role of nAChR-mediated spontaneous retinal activity in visual system development. J. Neurobiol. 53, 556-567 (2002).
  8. Wang, S. W., Mu, X., Bowers, W. J., Klein, W. H. Retinal ganglion cell differentiation in cultured mouse retinal explants. Methods. 28, 448-456 (2002).
  9. Perkins, B. D., Nicholas, C. S., Baye, L. M., Link, B. A., Dowling, J. E. dazed gene is necessary for late cell type development and retinal cell maintenance in the zebrafish retina. Dev. Dyn. 233, 680-694 (2005).
  10. Zaghloul, N. A., Moody, S. A. Changes in Rx1 and Pax6 activity at eye field stages differentially alter the production of amacrine neurotransmitter subtypes in Xenopus. Mol. Vis. 13, 86-95 (2007).
  11. Wang, C. T., et al. GABA(A) receptor-mediated signaling alters the structure of spontaneous activity in the developing retina. J. Neurosci. 27, 9130-9140 (2007).
  12. Dullin, J. P., et al. Ptf1a triggers GABAergic neuronal cell fates in the retina. BMC Dev. Biol. 7, 110 (2007).
  13. Martins, R. A., Pearson, R. A. Control of cell proliferation by neurotransmitters in the developing vertebrate retina. Brain Res. 1192, 37-60 (2008).
  14. Sanes, J. R., Zipursky, S. L. Design principles of insect and vertebrate visual systems. Neuron. 66, 15-36 (2010).
  15. Graw, J. Eye development. Curr. Top Dev. Biol. 90, 343-386 (2010).
  16. Feller, M. B., Sun, Y. H. Introduction to special issue on retinal development. Dev. Neurobiol. 71, 1131-1132 (2011).
  17. Borodinsky, L. N., et al. Activity-dependent homeostatic specification of transmitter expression in embryonic neurons. Nature. 429, 523-530 (2004).
  18. Blankenship, A. G., Feller, M. B. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 18-29 (2010).
  19. Evers, J., et al. Studies of nerve-muscle interactions in Xenopus cell culture: analysis of early synaptic currents. J. Neurosci. 9, 1523-1539 (1989).
  20. Spitzer, N. C., Gu, X. Purposeful patterns of spontaneous calcium transients in embryonic spinal neurons. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 13-19 (1997).
  21. Dyer, M. A., Cepko, C. L. p57(Kip2) regulates progenitor cell proliferation and amacrine interneuron development in the mouse retina. Development. 127, 3593-3605 (2000).
  22. Harris, R. E., Coulombe, M. G., Feller, M. B. Dissociated retinal neurons form periodically active synaptic circuits. J. Neurophysiol. 88, 188-195 (2002).
  23. Feller, M. B. Retinal waves drive calcium transients in undifferentiated retinal cells. Focus on “spontaneous waves in the ventricular zone of developing mammalian retina”. J Neurophysiol. 91, 1940 (2004).
  24. Spitzer, N. C., Lamborghini, J. E. The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73, 1641-1645 (1976).
  25. Grant, P., Rubin, E., Cima, C. Ontogeny of the retina and optic nerve in Xenopus laevis. I. Stages in the early development of the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 189, 593-613 (1980).
  26. Harris, W. A., Holt, C. E., Smith, T. A., Gallenson, N. Growth cones of developing retinal cells in vivo, on culture surfaces, and in collagen matrices. J. Neurosci. Res. 13, 101-122 (1985).
  27. Tabti, N., Poo, M. M. Study on the induction of spontaneous transmitter release at early nerve-muscle contacts in Xenopus cultures. Neurosci. Lett. 173, 21-26 (1994).
  28. Lin, W., Szaro, B. G. Neurofilaments help maintain normal morphologies and support elongation of neurites in Xenopus laevis cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 8331-8344 (1995).
  29. Rettig, J., et al. Alteration of Ca2+ dependence of neurotransmitter release by disruption of Ca2+ channel/syntaxin interaction. J. Neurosci. 17, 6647-6656 (1997).
  30. Firth, S. I., Feller, M. B. Dissociated GABAergic retinal interneurons exhibit spontaneous increases in intracellular calcium. Vis. Neurosci. 23, 807-814 (2006).
  31. Root, C. M., Velazquez-Ulloa, N. A., Monsalve, G. C., Minakova, E., Spitzer, N. C. Embryonically expressed GABA and glutamate drive electrical activity regulating neurotransmitter specification. J. Neurosci. 28, 4777-4784 (2008).
  32. Xiao, Q., Xu, L., Spitzer, N. C. Target-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter specification and embryonic neuronal calcium spike activity. J. Neurosci. 30, 5792-5801 (2010).
  33. Nicol, X., Hong, K. P., Spitzer, N. C. Spatial and temporal second messenger codes for growth cone turning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 13776-13781 (2011).
  34. Bixby, J. L., Spitzer, N. C. The appearance and development of neurotransmitter sensitivity in Xenopus embryonic spinal neurones in vitro. J. Physiol. 353, 143-155 (1984).
  35. Hightower, L. E., Renfro, J. L. Recent applications of fish cell culture to biomedical research. J. Exp. Zool. 248, 290-302 (1988).
  36. Meyer-Franke, A., Kaplan, M. R., Pfrieger, F. W., Barres, B. A. Characterization of the signaling interactions that promote the survival and growth of developing retinal ganglion cells in culture. Neuron. 15, 805-819 (1995).
  37. Feller, M. B., Delaney, K. R., Tank, D. W. Presynaptic calcium dynamics at the frog retinotectal synapse. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 381-400 (1996).
  38. Green, C. B., Liang, M. Y., Steenhard, B. M., Besharse, J. C. Ontogeny of circadian and light regulation of melatonin release in Xenopus laevis embryos. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 117, 109-116 (1999).
  39. Jadhav, A. P., Mason, H. A., Cepko, C. L. Notch 1 inhibits photoreceptor production in the developing mammalian retina. Development. 133, 913-923 (2006).
  40. Sakaguchi, D. S., Murphey, R. K., Hunt, R. K., Tompkins, R. The development of retinal ganglion cells in a tetraploid strain of Xenopus laevis: a morphological study utilizing intracellular dye injection. J. Comp. Neurol. 224, 231-251 (1984).
  41. Hartenstein, V. Early neurogenesis in Xenopus: the spatio-temporal pattern of proliferation and cell lineages in the embryonic spinal cord. Neuron. 3, 399-411 (1989).
  42. Gu, X., Olson, E. C., Spitzer, N. C. Spontaneous neuronal calcium spikes and waves during early differentiation. J. Neurosci. 14, 6325-6335 (1994).
  43. Charnas, L. R., Szaro, B. G., Gainer, H. Identification and developmental expression of a novel low molecular weight neuronal intermediate filament protein expressed in Xenopus laevis. J. Neurosci. 12, 3010-3024 (1992).
  44. Gomez, T. M., Harrigan, D., Henley, J., Robles, E. Working with Xenopus spinal neurons in live cell culture. Methods Cell Biol. 71, 129-156 (2003).
  45. Lewis, B. B., et al. Cloning and characterization of voltage-gated calcium channel alpha1 subunits in Xenopus laevis during development. Dev. Dyn. 238, 2891-2902 (2009).
  46. Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. . The stages of Xenopus embryonic development. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis. , (1994).
  47. Foldes-Papp, Z., Demel, U., Tilz, G. P. Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy: an overview. Int. Immunopharmacol. 3, 1715-1729 (2003).
  48. Murray, J. M., Appleton, P. L., Swedlow, J. R., Waters, J. C. Evaluating performance in three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. J. Microsc. 228, 390-405 (2007).
  49. Smith, C. L. Basic confocal microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 14, Unit 14 11 (2008).
  50. Abaramoff, M. D., Magalhaes, P. J., Ram, S. J. Image Processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International. 11, 36-42 (2004).
  51. Davidson, L. A., Keller, R. E. Neural tube closure in Xenopus laevis involves medial migration, directed protrusive activity, cell intercalation and convergent extension. Development. 126, 4547-4556 (1999).
  52. Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. . Early Development of Xenopus laevis. A Laboratory Manual. , (2000).
  53. Chang, L. W., Spitzer, N. C. Spontaneous calcium spike activity in embryonic spinal neurons is regulated by developmental expression of the Na+, K+-ATPase beta3 subunit. J. Neurosci. 29, 7877-7885 (2009).
  54. Gu, X., Spitzer, N. C. Distinct aspects of neuronal differentiation encoded by frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients. Nature. 375, 784-787 (1995).
  55. Rosenberg, S. S., Spitzer, N. C. Calcium signaling in neuronal development. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 3, a004259 (2011).

Tags

DissectionCultureAnalysisXenopus LaevisNeural PlateVertebrate RetinaClinical ResearchBasic ResearchRetinal DiseaseNeuronal Cell Type DeterminationDifferentiationGanglion CellsAmacrine CellsHorizontal CellsPhotoreceptorsBipolar CellsMüller Glial CellsLayered StructurePrimary Cell CulturePresumptive Retinal CellsDevelopmental StagesCell Fate Specification

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Citar este artigo
McDonough, M. J., Allen, C. E., Ng-Sui-Hing, N. A., Rabe, B. A., Lewis, B. B., Saha, M. S. Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue. J. Vis. Exp. (70), e4377, doi:10.3791/4377 (2012).
Baixar citação
Reimpressões e Permissões

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image