Summary

Эхо Velocimetry Particle Image

Published: December 27, 2012
doi:

Summary

Image Echo частиц велосиметрии (EPIV) система, способная приобретения двумерного поля скорости в оптически непрозрачных жидкостей или через оптически непрозрачных геометрии описаны и проверки измерений в трубе не сообщается.

Abstract

The transport of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid flows is ultimately determined by spatiotemporal distributions of the fluid velocity field.1 Consequently, a prerequisite for understanding, predicting, and controlling fluid flows is the capability to measure the velocity field with adequate spatial and temporal resolution.2 For velocity measurements in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries, echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) is an attractive diagnostic technique to generate “instantaneous” two-dimensional fields of velocity.3,4,5,6 In this paper, the operating protocol for an EPIV system built by integrating a commercial medical ultrasound machine7 with a PC running commercial particle image velocimetry (PIV) software8 is described, and validation measurements in Hagen-Poiseuille (i.e., laminar pipe) flow are reported.

For the EPIV measurements, a phased array probe connected to the medical ultrasound machine is used to generate a two-dimensional ultrasound image by pulsing the piezoelectric probe elements at different times. Each probe element transmits an ultrasound pulse into the fluid, and tracer particles in the fluid (either naturally occurring or seeded) reflect ultrasound echoes back to the probe where they are recorded. The amplitude of the reflected ultrasound waves and their time delay relative to transmission are used to create what is known as B-mode (brightness mode) two-dimensional ultrasound images. Specifically, the time delay is used to determine the position of the scatterer in the fluid and the amplitude is used to assign intensity to the scatterer. The time required to obtain a single B-mode image, t, is determined by the time it take to pulse all the elements of the phased array probe. For acquiring multiple B-mode images, the frame rate of the system in frames per second (fps) = 1/δt. (See 9 for a review of ultrasound imaging.)

For a typical EPIV experiment, the frame rate is between 20-60 fps, depending on flow conditions, and 100-1000 B-mode images of the spatial distribution of the tracer particles in the flow are acquired. Once acquired, the B-mode ultrasound images are transmitted via an ethernet connection to the PC running the PIV commercial software. Using the PIV software, tracer particle displacement fields, D(x,y)[pixels], (where x and y denote horizontal and vertical spatial position in the ultrasound image, respectively) are acquired by applying cross correlation algorithms to successive ultrasound B-mode images.10 The velocity fields, u(x,y)[m/s], are determined from the displacements fields, knowing the time step between image pairs, ΔT[s], and the image magnification, M[meter/pixel], i.e., u(x,y) = MD(x,y)/ΔT. The time step between images ΔT = 1/fps + D(x,y)/B, where B[pixels/s] is the time it takes for the ultrasound probe to sweep across the image width. In the present study, M = 77[μm/pixel], fps = 49.5[1/s], and B = 25,047[pixels/s]. Once acquired, the velocity fields can be analyzed to compute flow quantities of interest.

Protocol

1. Создать измеримый поток Измерения EPIV проверки будет показано в трубопроводе раствора глицерина, воды (50% глицерина – 50% воды). Схема экспериментальной установки показана на рисунке 1. Полые стеклянные сферы с номинальным диаметром 10 мкм добавляют в жидкость при кон…

Representative Results

Мгновенным эхом скорости Изображения Частиц (EPIV) векторное поле показано на рисунке 3. Вектор график показывает векторы скорости каждого четвертого столбца, а цвет фона контурная карта соответствует скорости величина. Вектор среднее по ансамблю участок среднем более 1000 мгнов…

Discussion

Операционная протокол Image Echo частиц велосиметрии (EPIV) система, способная приобретения двумерного поля скорости в оптически непрозрачных жидкостей или через оптически непрозрачных геометрии было описано. Практическое применение EPIV хорошо подходит для изучения промышленных и биологи?…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Авторы благодарят за поддержку со стороны Национального научного фонда, CBET0846359, грант монитор Хорст Хеннинг зима.

Materials

Name of the reagent Company Catalogue number Comments (optional)
Ultrasound Machine GE Vivid 7 Pro
Linear Ultrasound Array GE 10 L
DC Water Pump KNF NF 10 KPDC
Vector Processing Software Lavision DaVis 7.2
Post Processing Software Mathworks MATLAB 7.12
Acrylic Tubing McMaster-Carr 8486K531
Ultrasound Gel Parker Aquasonic 100

Referências

  1. White, F. M. . Fluid Mechanics. , (1994).
  2. Hak, M. G. a. d. -. e. l. . Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive Flow Management. , (2000).
  3. Kim, B. H., Hertzberg, J. R., Shandas, R. Development and validation of echo PIV. Exp. Fluids. 36, 455-462 (2004).
  4. Zheng, H., Liu, L., Williams, L., Hertzberg, J. R., Lanning, C., Shandas, R. Real time multicomponent echo particle image velocimetry technique for opaque flow imaging. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 261915 (2006).
  5. Beulen, B., Bijnens, N., Rutten, M., Brands, P., van de Vosse, F. Perpendicular ultrasound velocity measurement by 2D cross correlation of RF data. Part A: validation in a straight tube. Exp. Fluids. 49, 1177-1186 (2010).
  6. Poelma, C., Mari, J. M., Foin, N., Tang, M. -. X., Krams, R., Caro, C. G., Weinberg, P. D., Westerweel, J. 3D Flow reconstruction using ultrasound PIV. Exp. Fluids. 50, 777-785 (2011).
  7. GE VINGMED ULTRASOUND A/A. . Vivid 7/Vivid 7 PRO User’s Manual. , (1988).
  8. Szabo, T. . Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out. , (2004).
  9. Raffel, M., Willert, C., Wereley, S., Kompenhans, J. . Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide. , (2007).

Play Video

Citar este artigo
DeMarchi, N., White, C. Echo Particle Image Velocimetry. J. Vis. Exp. (70), e4265, doi:10.3791/4265 (2012).

View Video