Chapter 18
Functions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
![Sensory Modalities](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14931.jpg)
Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and…
![Introduction to Sensory Receptors](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14932.jpg)
Sensory receptors are vital in our ability to perceive and interpret the world. Sensory receptors are specialized cells in the peripheral nervous…
![Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14934.jpg)
Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and…
![Major Somatic Sensory Pathways](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14935.jpg)
Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior…
![Direct Motor Pathways](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14937.jpg)
The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the…
![Indirect Motor Pathways](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14938.jpg)
The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They…
![Somatic Spinal Reflexes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14940.jpg)
Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One…
![Brain Waves](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14942.jpg)
Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and…
![The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/63736_t.png)
The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders
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The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS) is a software tool that implements protocols for operantly conditioning stimulus-triggered…
![Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/53678_t.png)
Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the…