Chapter 20
The Special Senses
Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into…
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as…
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts,…
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's…
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs…
Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with…
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the…
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral…
The ocular micro-dissection of the rodent eye involves the segmentation of the enucleated eyeball with the attached nictitating membrane, or third…
Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson’s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease…