Chapter 12
Aldehydes and Ketones
![Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12837.jpg)
Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a…
![IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12322.jpg)
Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the…
![Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12838.jpg)
Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC…
![IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12324.jpg)
Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In…
![Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12325.jpg)
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used…
![Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12326.jpg)
Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a…
![Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12329.jpg)
The carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone is the site of a nucleophilic attack due to its electron-deficient nature. Depending on the strength of…
![Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12330.jpg)
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates,…
![Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12844.jpg)
Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from…
![Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12333.jpg)
Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases,…
![Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12845.jpg)
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes…
![Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12335.jpg)
The Wittig reaction is the conversion of carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, or the Wittig…
![Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12336.jpg)
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named…
![Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12847.jpg)
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of…
![Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12339.jpg)
Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group…
![Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12340.jpg)
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily…
![A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/57916_t.png)
α-Functionalization of ketones via umpolung of enolates by hypervalent iodine reagents is an important concept in synthetic organic chemistry.…
![Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/55165_t.png)
Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method
Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically,…