Chapter 3
Energy and Catalysis
![The First Law of Thermodynamics](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12155.jpg)
The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In…
![The Second Law of Thermodynamics](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12156.jpg)
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy.…
![Entropy within the Cell](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12546.jpg)
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics…
![An Introduction to Free Energy](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12158.jpg)
How can we compare the energy that releases from one reaction to that of another reaction? We use a measurement of free energy to quantitate these…
![The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11513.jpg)
The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is…
![Free Energy and Equilibrium](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12160.jpg)
The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the…
![Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12161.jpg)
Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction…
![Introduction to Enzymes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12162.jpg)
The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an…
![Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12164.jpg)
Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various…
![Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13131.jpg)
The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range…
![Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12166.jpg)
For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the…
![Ligand Binding and Linkage](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11516.jpg)
Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the…
![Ribozymes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11633.jpg)
The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower…
![ATP Energy Storage and Release](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12170.jpg)
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the…
![Rapid Determination of Antibody-Antigen Affinity by Mass Photometry](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/61784_t.png)
Measurements of the specificity and affinity of antigen-antibody interactions are critically important for medical and research applications. In this…
![Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/54377_t.png)
Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
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Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and…