Establishing Transcription Profile of Psoriasiform Cutaneous In Vitro using HaCaT Cells Stimulated with Combination of Cytokines

Huaping Zheng; Linna Gu; Zhen Wang; Hong Zhou; Chen Zhang; Xiu Teng; Zhonglan Hu; Xiaoqiong Wei; Xiao Liu; Fanlian Zeng; Qixiang Zhao; Yan Hao; Yawen Hu; Xiaoyan Wang; Jing Hu; Jiadong Yu; Wenlin Wu; Yifan Zhou; Kaijun Cui; Nongyu Huang; Jiong Li

doi:10.3791/61537

JoVE Journal > Immunology and Infection

면역학 및 감염병학

Establishing Transcription Profile of Psoriasiform Cutaneous In Vitro using HaCaT Cells Stimulated with Combination of Cytokines

Published: March 15, 2021

doi:

10.3791/61537

Summary

This paper presents a method of establishing an in vitro psoriasiform cutaneous inflammatory model at the transcription level using a combination of five cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, OSM) on HaCaT cell line.

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease mediated by innate and adaptive immune systems, characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Skin-specific keratinocytes are key participants in innate immunity, responding to immune cells and environmental stimulation, thereby serving an important role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Here, we present a method for inducing psoriasiform keratinocytes inflammation at transcription level with HaCaT cell line using five proinflammatory cytokines combination (M5 combination), including IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and oncostatin M. Results demonstrate that M5 combination induced HaCaT cells showed increased levels of antimicrobial peptides (BD2, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9), chemokines, and cytokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CCL20, IL-1β, IL-6 and, IL-18). The mRNA levels of keratinocytes differentiation markers (Keratin1, Keratin10, Filaggrin, and Loricrin) were down regulated, which was consistent with the transcriptome data derived from psoriasis-like keratinocytes. The method described here, therefore, establishes an in vitro psoriasiform cutaneous inflammation at transcription level and contributes to the research for molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Introduction

Psoriasis is a common non-contagious chronic inflammatory skin disease triggered by a dysregulated immune response, affecting the keratinocytes that predominantly form the epidermis¹, characterized by abnormally rapid multiplication of keratinocytes with hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. Psoriasis affects about 3% of the world-wild population². Disease burden is further increased by several comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome caused by the syndrome³.

Epidermis is composed of five layers of keratinocytes and undergo morphological change with differentiation process: the stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (found on palms and soles) and stratum corneum described here from the inner to outer surface⁴. Change in epidermis differentiation leads to a disturbed skin barrier, which is important for the pathogenesis of skin inflammatory diseases⁵^,⁶^,⁷^,⁸. Keratinocytes play a vital role in maintaining an intact epidermal barrier to prevent water loss and against environmental triggers such as UVB exposure, allergens, and pathogens⁹. Healthy individuals show a balance between basal cells proliferation and stratum corneum desquamation, while multiple skin diseases including psoriasis, are characterized by an imbalances of this complex mechanism¹⁰.

In addition to forming barrier function, keratinocytes are also a critical component of skin's immune system. In the immunopathogeneses of psoriasis, activation of skin-resident Type 1 helper T cells (Th1) and Type 17 helper T cells (Th17), leads to increased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A, respectively. These cytokines induce increased synthesis of chemokines (CCL20, CXCL1/2/8/9/10/11), antimicrobial peptides (BD2, LL37, S100A7/8/9/12), and other inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-β) in keratinocytes, leading to the recruitment of more Th1, Th17, and neutrophils into the skin, further amplifying the IL-17/IL23 axis¹¹. The crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells is responsible for the induction and maintenance of psoriasis¹¹.

Complex cytokine networks have been described in psoriasis, and the central role of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-23, IL-22, IL-17, IL-1α, oncostatin M(OSM), and TNF-α) produced by immune cell infiltration has been highlighted¹²^,¹³. Indeed, previous studies have shown that increased levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and OSM induced a profile of psoriasiform on normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro¹⁴.

Immortal keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) that are more easily obtained and cultured than primary keratinocytes with better reproducibility, have been widely used for the study of psoriasis¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁰. Different from human papillomavirus16 E6/E7 transformed HEK001 and KerTr cells, HaCaT cell line is capable of expressing differentiation gene products, including Keratin1 (KRT1), Keratin10 (KRT10), Loricrin, and filaggrin²⁰^,²¹^,²², thereby providing a promising tool similar to primary keratinocytes to study the regulation of keratinization and proinflammatory.

KRT5/14 is the major type I-type II keratin pair expressed in proliferative basal keratinocytes, whereas differentiated keratinocytes in the suprabasal layers downregulate KRT5/14 and express KRT1/10 as the major keratin pair²³. Upon comparison of psoriasis lesion with healthy skin, the changes in keratin expression included decreases in KRT1/10²⁴^,²⁵ and increases in KRT5/14 in the psoriatic epidermis²⁶, characterized by hyperproliferation and parakeratosis²⁷. Loricrin is a terminally differentiating structural protein comprising more than 70% of the cornified envelope, contributes to the protective barrier function of the stratum corneum²⁸, down regulated in the skin of psoriasis patients²⁹. Filaggrin is expressed at the final stages of keratinocyte differentiation and is involved in the aggregation of a scaffold-like cornified envelope³⁰, decreased expression in psoriasis lesion skin²⁹.

Overall, our goal was to generate inflammatory keratinocytes model in HaCaT cells using a cytokine combination that will be able to synergistically recapitulate some characteristics of psoriasis skin lesions, including initiating an immune response, keratinocytes proliferation and differentiation.

Protocol

Perform steps 1 to 3 under sterile condition. All the culture medium contained 0.1 mg/mL penicillin and streptomycin.

1. Cell preparation

Seed 1 x 10⁶ HaCaT cells in 10 mL of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in 100 mm cell culture dish. Incubate the culture dish at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator for 2 days.
When the culture reaches around 80% confluency, carefully remove the medium from the culture dish and wash the cells with 5 mL of 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Gently rock the culture dish manually.
Remove PBS and add 2 mL of 0.25% trypsin-EDTA solution to the cells. Gently shake the culture dish to let the solution completely coat the monolayer of cells.
Incubate the cells at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator for 5 min until the cells are visibly detached from the surface of the culture dish under phase-contrast microscopy.
NOTE: The morphology of cells should appear round. If the cells are not well detached, incubate for an additional period of 5 min along with manual agitation.
Once the cells are detached, add 5 mL of DMEM plus 10% FBS to inactivate trypsin and collect the cell suspension in a 50 mL centrifuge tube using a pipette.
Centrifuge the tube containing cell suspension at 180 x g for 5 min. Decant the supernatant.
Add 10 mL of DMEM plus 10% FBS medium to the pellet and gently pipette the medium up and down to bring the cells into suspension.

2. Cell seeding in the 6-well plate

Seed the cells at a density of 2.0 x 10⁵ cells/well in 6-well culture plate.
Incubate the 6-well culture plate at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator overnight before M5 combination stimulation to let the cells adhere to the plate.

3. M5 stimulation of HaCaT cells

Prepare M5 cytokine combination mix medium containing 10 ng/mL of recombinant IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and oncostatin M protein in DMEM containing 2% FBS.
NOTE: M5 combination consisted of recombination of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and oncostatin M. Synergistic action of M5 combination recapitulates some features of psoriasis, like upregulation of chemokines and antimicrobial peptides production³¹.
After overnight cell culture, remove the supernatant, and pipette 2 mL of M5 combination mix medium into each well.
Continue culturing the cells; cell lysates were collected at 24 h for mRNA quantification (step 4) or culture supernatant were collected at 48-72 h for the determination of cytokine levels by ELISA assay³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷ (step 6).

4. Harvest mRNA of M5 stimulated HaCaT cells

Aspirate the M5 combination mix medium and wash once with 1-2 mL of cold PBS.
Aspirate PBS and add 1 mL of commercially available guanidium Isothiocyanate solution directly to the culture dish to lyse the cells.
Pipette the lysate up and down several times to homogenize and transfer the cell lysate into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Leave at room temperature for 5 min.
Add 200 µL of chloroform, shake the tube vigorously for about 20 s and incubate the sample for 5 min at room temperature.
Centrifuge at 12,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
Transfer the aqueous phase to a fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
Add 500 µL of isopropanol to the aqueous phase and mix gently. Leave at room temperature for 5 min.
Centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C.
Aspirate isopropanol and add 1 mL of 75% ethanol. Wash the pellet once.
Centrifuge at 7,500 x g for 5 min at 4 °C. Pour off the ethanol and let the pellets air-dry.
Add 30 µL DEPC treated water to the RNA pellet. Prepare for RT-PCR detection.

5. Analysis of mRNA expression by Real-Time PCR

Perform cDNA synthesis with 1 µg of total RNA using a commercially available kit following the manufacturer's instruction.
NOTE: 1 µg of total RNA for SYBR Green RT-PCR assay.
Prepare the PCR reaction mixture. 12.5 µL of SYBR premix EX Taq II, 1µL of PCR Forward Primer (10 µM), 1 µL of PCR Reverse Primer (10 µM), 2 µg of cDNA, and 8.5 µL of dH₂O. The final volume is 25 µL per reaction.
NOTE: List of primer sequences of genes used for RT-PCR analysis in this study is shown in Table 1.
Incubate in thermocycler. The cycling conditions included a denaturing step at 95 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 60 °C for 30 s, 72°C for 20s and a melting curve analysis.
Analyze RT-PCR experiment data by calculating relative differences in gene expression from Ct (threshold cycle) values using 2^-ΔΔCTequations. Use β-actin as an internal control for RT-PCR relative quantitative gene expression standardization.

6. Harvesting cell culture supernatant for ELISA

Pipette each cell culture media into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
Centrifuge at 1500 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
Aliquot the supernatant and store at -80 °C immediately.

7. Analysis of cytokines expression by ELISA

Follow the manufacturer's instruction to prepare all reagents, working standard, and samples. A three-fold serial dilution of standard with sample diluent ranging from 2,000 to 2.74 pg/mL. Dilute samples 1:2 with sample diluent.
Add 100 µL of standard and sample per well. Cover wells with lid and seal the plate with paraffin film. Incubate for 2.5 h at room temperature.
After 2.5 h, discard the solution. Add 300 µL of wash buffer to each well of the plate for 3 min and aspirate. Repeat the process for four additional times. After the last wash, invert the plate and tap on absorbent paper to remove remaining liquid.
Add 100 µL of the detection antibody solution to each well. Incubate the plate on a shaker for 2 h at 37 °C.
NOTE: Biotinylated detection antibody solution is prepared in each ELISA kits.
Aspirate and wash each well of plate five times using 300 µL of Wash buffer. After the last wash, invert the plate and tap on absorbent paper to remove the remaining liquid.
Add 100 µL of HRP-Streptavidin conjugate to each well. Incubate for 45 min at room temperature with gentle shaking.
Discard the solution by aspirating with a pipette after the incubation. Wash each well of plate five times using 300 µL of Wash buffer. After the last wash, invert the plate and tap on the absorbent paper to remove the remaining liquid.
Perform detection by adding 100 µL of TMB substrate to each well. Incubate for 30 min at 37 °C in the dark.
Add 50 µL of stop solution, when color develops, to each well. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Read at 450 nm immediately.

Representative Results

M5 combination stimulation induced inflammatory response of HaCaT cells.
HaCaT cells were stimulated with or without M5 cytokines combination for 24 h. mRNA expression of psoriasis-related genes, which are involved in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, were evaluated. Neutrophil chemokines CXCL1³⁸, CXCL2³⁹, CXCL8⁴⁰, and T-cell chemokines CCL20⁴¹^,⁴² were significantly increased in M5 combination stimulated HaCaT cells compared to untreated HaCaT cells in a time-dependent manner (Figure 1A). Expression of BD2⁴³, S100A7⁴⁴^,⁴⁵, S100A8⁴⁶, S100A9⁴⁶, and S100A12⁴⁷^,⁴⁸, as antimicrobial peptides were barely detected in unstimulated HaCaT cells and were strongly expressed after the M5 combination stimulation with time-dependent expression pattern (Figure 2A). Further, microarray expression of psoriasiform cutaneous inflammation in HaCaT was also performed using Human Expr 12x135K Arr Del⁴⁹. Cytokines, chemokines (Figure 1B) and antimicrobial peptides (Figure 2B) were found to be upregulated in M5 combination stimulated HaCaT. Protein levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and CXCL8²⁰^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁴ were studied via ELISA as a confirmation. Higher protein levels were observed in supernatant of M5 combination stimulated HaCaT cells compared to control cells (Figure 1C). Meanwhile, to evaluate the pathophysiological correlation of M5 combination induced psoriasiform cutaneous inflammation on HaCaT cells, microarray dataset (GDS4602)⁵⁵ from lesion skin biopsy sample of normal and patients with psoriasis were downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO). We explored the expression levels of several proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. The results showed that proinflammatory chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20 and antimicrobial peptides BD2, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 over-expressed in psoriatic skin as compared with normal skin (Supplementary Table 1). Taken together, these results indicated that M5 combination stimulation in HaCaT cells contributed to establishing psoriasiform inflammation in vitro, with increased proinflammatory chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides production at the transcription level. However, further studies are needed to establish this as a model for psoriasiform inflammation model.

M5 combination stimulation reduced keratinocyte differentiation level in HaCaT cells
HaCaT as an immortal keratinocyte cell lines, retained functional differentiation proprieties of normal keratinocytes, showed normal keratinization and stratification grown in organotypic cultures⁵⁶^,⁵⁷ and normal morphogenesis transformation to differentiation features in high calcium concentration culture medium⁵⁷^,⁵⁸^,⁵⁹. mRNA levels of KRT5 and KRT14, as cytokeratin associated with proliferating keratinocytes, were increased in M5 stimulated HaCaT (Figure 3A). To further explore the effect of M5 combination stimulation on the differentiation level of keratinocytes, mRNA expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers was evaluated. KRT1 and KRT10, which are among the first to be expressed during cornification as early differentiation makers, were significantly down-regulated (Figure 3A). Meanwhile, mRNA levels of Loricrin and Filaggrin as late differentiation markers, which are the main components of the epidermal cornified envelope, were significantly down-regulated (Figure 3A). Microarray expression profiling also upregulation of keratinocyte proliferation marker KRT5 and KRT6, while differentiation marker KRT1, KRT10, Loricrin and Filaggrin were down-regulated (Figure 3B). This is similar to studies performed in human biopsy where compared to normal skin, GEO profile of patients with psoriatic skin lesion (GDS4602)⁶⁰ showed decreased KRT10, Filaggrin, and Loricrin expression (Supplementary Table 1). In summary, M5 combination decreases keratinocyte differentiation marker expression in HaCaT cell line.

Figure 1: Chemokines genes sustained increase in HaCaT cells cultured with combination of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and OSM (M5 combination). HaCaT cells were cultured in M5 combination for 6, 12, and 24 hours. QRT-PCR analysis was carried out and mRNA expression levels for CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20 were normalized using β-actin housekeeping gene and expressed as the fold increased above unstimulated control (A), Heatmap analysis of cytokines and chemokines expression profiles between control and M5 stimulated HaCaT (B). Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and CXCL8 in the culture supernatant of HaCaT cells stimulated by M5 for 96 h were measured by ELISA (C). Mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Two-tailed Student's t-test. Data represents three independent experiments. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Antimicrobe peptide genes sustained increased in HaCaT cells cultured with M5 combination. HaCaT cells were cultured in M5 combination for 6, 12, and 24 hours. QRT-PCR analysis was carried out and mRNA expression levels for BD2, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were normalized using β-actin housekeeping gene and expressed as the fold increased above unstimulated control (A), Heatmap analysis of antimicrobial peptides expression profiles between control and M5 stimulated HaCaT (B). Mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Two-tailed Student's t-test. Data represents three independent experiments. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Keratinocyte differentiation genes sustained decreased in HaCaT cells cultured with M5 combination. HaCaT cells were cultured in M5 combination for 6, 12, and 24 hours. QRT-PCR analysis was carried out and mRNA expression levels for KRT1, KRT10, Filaggrin, and Loricrin were normalized using β-actin housekeeping gene and expressed as the fold increased above unstimulated control (A), Heatmap analysis of keratinocytes proliferation and differentiation markers expression profiles between control and M5 stimulated HaCaT (B). Mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Two-tailed Student's t-test. Data represents three independent experiments. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Primer Sequence
Gene	Forward (5’ to 3’)	Reverse (5’ to 3’)
β-actin	CCACGAAACTACCTTCAACTCC	GTGATCTCCTTCTGCATCCTGT
S100A7	CCTTAGTGCCTGTGACAA	CTGCTTGTGGTAGTCTGT
S100A8	AGTGTCCTCAGTATATCA	CATCTTTATCACCAGAATG
S100A9	CAACACCTTCCACCAATAC	TCATTCTTATTCTCCTTCTTGAG
S100A12	CAATACTCAGTTCGGAAGG	CTTTGATATTCTTGATGGTGTTT
CXCL8	GTCCTTGTTCCACTGTGCCT	GCTTCCACATGTCCTCACAA
CCL20	TGACTGCTGTCTTGGATACACAGA	TGATAGCATTGATGTCACAGCCT
CXCL1	GCCAGTGCTTGCAGACCCT	GGCTATGACTTCGGTTTGGG
CXCL2	CAAACCGAAGTCATAGCCAC	TCTGGTCAGTTGGATTTGCC
BD2	TTCTCGTTCCTCTTCATA	ATATGGCTCCACTCTTAA
Filaggrin	TGAGGGCACTGAAAGGCAAA	TGGCCACATAAACCTGGGTC
Loricrin	GGGCACCGATGGGCTTAG	GGTAGGTTAAGACATGAAGGATTTGC
Krt14	CCAGTTCTCCTCTGGATCGC	TCCAGTGGGATCTGTGTCCA
Krt10	CCTGCTTCAGATCGACAATGCC	ATCTCCAGGTCAGCCTTGGTCA
Krt5	TGTCAAGAAACAGTGCGCCA	GCTGCTGGAGTAGTAGCTTCC
Krt1	CCCTCCTGGTGGCATACAAG	GTTGGTCCACTCTCCTTCGG

Table 1: List of primer sequences of genes used for RT-PCR analysis

Gene	Ratio Psoriasis/Control	p Value
chemokine
CXCL1	5.34	<0.001
CXCL2	10.14	<0.001
CXCL8	18.59	<0.001
CCL20	7.07	<0.001
Antimicrobial peptide
BD2	193.55	<0.001
S100A7	15.31	<0.001
S100A8	10.14	<0.001
S100A9	52.46	<0.001
S100A12	52.48	<0.001
Keratinocyte differentiation
Filaggrin	0.58	<0.001
Loricrin	0.47	<0.001
KRT10	0.92	<0.001

Supplementary Table 1: GEO profile of psoriatic lesion skin versus normal skin. GEO profile (GSD4602) data were generated from skin punch biopsies of 58 normal skin and 64 psoriasis lesion skin. Ratio between psoriasis lesion skin and normal skin were calculated using Prism 8 software. The p values were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.

Discussion

Described herein is a method using five cytokines combination (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, OSM) into HaCaT cell line to establish an in vitro psoriasiform cutaneous inflammation profile at transcription level. This protocol can be adapted for the study on the mechanism of genes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis as well as the screening of therapeutic drugs for psoriasis. Recent reports have shown that overexpression of IL-17A and IL22 producing CD8 T cells in lesional skin suggests their involvement in the pathogenesis of psoriasis⁶¹. IL-1α, IL-22, and IL-17A can induce skin inflammation in animal models⁶²^,⁶³^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁵. Cytokines capable of inducing specific expression patterns associated with antimicrobial peptides produced, such as IL-17 and IL-22⁶⁶ or innate immune response, such as IL-17, IL-1α, and TNF-α¹¹^,⁶²^,⁶⁷ or keratinocyte differentiation programs, such as IL-22 or OSM⁶⁸^,⁶⁹. Our results confirmed IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and OSM as major skin inflammation inducers and demonstrated a powerful synergy on the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides in HaCaT cell line.

Notably, M5 combination induced the expression of HaCaT cells neutrophils attracting chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and recruitment of CCR6⁺ Th17 cells chemokines CCL20, which play a decisive role in the initiation and maintenance of psoriasis⁷⁰^,⁷¹^,⁷². Antimicrobial peptides are suspected of modifying host inflammatory responses by a variety of mechanisms including action as angiogenic factors, chemotactic agents, and regulators of cell proliferation, have been implicated in the development of psoriasis in recent years⁷³. S100A8 and S100A9 are also involved in the recruitment of inflammatory infiltrates⁷⁴^,⁷⁵. S100A8 and S100A9 augments the production of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20 in keratinocytes⁷⁶. BD2 has chemokine activity and may recruit memory T cells and immature dendritic cells to the site of microbial invasion through interaction with CCR6⁷⁷. S100A12 has chemotaxis on mast cells and monocytes⁷⁸. Antimicrobial peptides expressed in M5 stimulated HaCaT psoriasiform in vitro model is essential to the nature defenses of the skin and are also conductive to promoting the infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Our data showed significantly decreased expression of early (KRT1 and KRT10) and late (Filaggrin and Loricrin) differentiation genes after M5 combination stimulation in HaCaT cells (Figure 2). Psoriasis is characterized by uncontrolled increased proliferation rate and poor differentiation⁷⁹. GWAS have identified numerous genetic variations associated with psoriasis, comprising many genes of crucial importance for keratinocyte differentiation⁸⁰. Psoriasis keratinocytes RNA-seq identified decreased differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes associated with epidermal differentiation⁸¹. Psoriasis keratinocytes showed decreased expression of early (KRT1, KRT10, DSC1) and late (LOR, FLG, IVL) differentiation genes⁸¹. KRT1 and KRT10 are directly involved in cell cycle control which onsets keratinocytes differentiation⁸². Mutation of KRT1/10 or absence of KRT10 showed greater epidermal proliferation in the basal layer⁸³^,⁸⁴. Loss-of-function mutation (p.K4022X) in filaggrin gene is associated with psoriasis⁸⁵. Loricrin, as a candidate for the PSORS4 locus, mutation deranges the keratinocyte differentiation and delays the cell death process⁸⁶. Decreased filaggrin and loricrin expressions by keratinocytes in psoriasis lesion skin were observed⁸⁷. In addition, S100A8/A9 stimulates keratinocytes proliferation through induced phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK followed by activation of ERK1/2⁸⁸. Together, the mRNA expression pattern of keratinocytes differentiation process stimulated by M5 combination on HaCaT cells is consistent with that of psoriatic skin lesions.

In this protocol, HaCaT cell line was used to establish psoriasiform cutaneous inflammatory models in vitro as they are easy to obtain and culture with good stability and reproducibility. Although HaCaT cells have been widely used in psoriasis studies¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹⁹, it has been reported that the gene transcriptional profile of cornified envelope-associated proteins in HaCaT cells was generally different from that in primary keratinocytes, suggest HaCaT cells have a limitation as a model to study normal skin barrier development⁸⁹^,⁹⁰. Meanwhile, the keratin profile expressed by HaCaT is much broader than that normally seen in primary keratinocyte cultures, including keratins associated with simple epithelium¹⁹. In our previous study, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis HaCaT cells stimulated with M5 showed a similar genes enrichment in transcriptome data with lesional skin and epidermis of psoriasis patients. In the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of psoriasis-like HaCaT cells, we found DEGs pattern in HaCaT cells stimulated with M5 are correlated with pathogenies of psoriasis (GSE54456, GSE26866)⁹¹. Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry patterns of chemokines⁴⁰^,⁹²^,⁹³, antimicrobial peptides⁴⁶^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁷ and keratinocytes differentiation markers⁹⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁰ in psoriasis patients were consistent with GEO database. Therefore, HaCaT cells stimulated with M5 as an in vitro psoriasiform cutaneous inflammatory model were similar to primary keratinocytes.

Notably, the activity of recombinant cytokines is critical to the success of the experiment. Always make working aliquots of dissolved recombinant cytokines and avoid freeze/thaw cycle are necessary. Meanwhile, we found stronger psoriasiform cutaneous inflammatory in M5 stimulated HaCaT with culture medium plus 2% FBS compared to 10% FBS. In addition, identifying the expression of proinflammatory chemokines is necessary to detect whether the M5 induced psoriasiform model is successful before screening potential drugs or studies on the mechanism of psoriasis.

Here, we have established a M5 combination that stimulates HaCaT cells psoriasiform cutaneous inflammatory model, showing consistent expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced levels of keratinocyte differentiation in patients with psoriasis, demonstrating the advantages of studying the synergistic effects of cytokines on pathophysiological condition in vitro. IL-17A, IL22, IL-1α, TNF-α, and OSM synergistic stimulation could be a novel valuable strategy to identify the key pathogenic tissue-specific molecules for disease and represent potential biomarker or drug target for development of future therapeutics of psoriasis.

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81703132, 31271483, 81472650, 81673061, 81573050, 31872739, and 81601462]

Materials

DMEM—Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium	Gibco	11965092
Fetal Bovine Serum	Gibco	10100139C
HaCaT cells	China Center for Type CultureCollection	GDC0106	Less than 15 generations
Human IL-1β ELISA Kit	Beyotime	PI305
Human IL-6 ELISA Kit	Beyotime	PI330
Human IL-8 ELISA Kit	Beyotime	PI640
IL-1 alpha Human	Prospec	CYT-253	Recombinant protein
IL-17 Human	Prospec	CYT-250	Recombinant protein
IL-22 Human	Prospec	CYT-328	Recombinant protein
OSM Human	Prospec	CYT-231	Recombinant protein
PBS	Gibco	10010049	pH 7.4
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Gibco	15140163
PrimeScrip RT reagent Kit	TAKARA	RR047A
TB Green Premix Ex Taq	TAKARA	RR420A
TNF alpha Human	Prospec	CYT-223	Recombinant protein
TRIzo Reagent	Invitrogen	15596018
Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red	Gibco	25200072

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