海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

Microplastic pollution in the sea represents a growing concern to contemporary society, due to the constant increase in plastic production and its subsequent disposal and accumulation in the marine environment¹. Even if plastic macro litter would no longer enter the seas, microplastic pollution would continue to grow due to fragmentation of already existing plastic litter in the sea². The majority of microplastic pollution studies were carried out in marine and fresh water ecosystems and mainly addressed sea surface pollution³.

The term microplastic refers to plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in size⁴. This term describes a heterogeneous mixture of particles, which can differ in size (from a few microns to several millimeters), color and shape (from very different shapes of fragments to long fibers). Microplastic particles can be of a primary or secondary origin⁵. Microplastic of primary origin is manufactured as small particles used in the cosmetics industry (pilling crème etc.) or chemical industry as precursor for other plastic products (e.g. plastic pellets used in plastic industry). Microplastic of secondary origin arise via the degradation of larger plastic pieces in the environment due to physical and chemical processes, induced by light, heat, oxygen, water and organisms⁶. In 2015, four types of microplastic sources were defined: larger plastic litter, cleaning products, medicines and textiles⁶. The main source (80 %) of larger plastic litter is assumed to be land based⁷. Microplastic from cosmetic products, medicines and textile enters water ecosystems through sewage and storm waters⁶. Microplastic particles most frequently found in water ecosystems are fragments from larger plastic litter and textile fibers⁸.

Microplastics have several negative effects on the environment. Their small size allows them to enter the food web through ingestion by marine organisms^{9, 10}. Ingested particles can cause physical damage or block the digestive system of animals¹¹. Particles can also be carriers of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Their hydrophobic surface and favorable ratio of large surface area to small volume, enables POPs to adsorb onto the microplastics¹². In the environment or digestive systems of animals who ingest them, POPs and other plastic additives can be leached from microplastic particles¹³.

Previous studies reported the ubiquitous presence of microplastics in the marine environment³, from the water column to the bottom sediments. The threat of microplastic pollution was already identified by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the EU and, consequently, mandatory monitoring of microplastics was advised¹⁴. Accordingly, the EU Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG-ML) prepared recommendations for monitoring of microplastics in the European seas¹⁵. Thus, the video guidelines for microplastics sampling are of high importance, as they support comparative monitoring and a coherent management process all over the world.

This protocol was developed within the DeFishGear project for the first monitoring of microplastic pollution in the Adriatic Sea. Recommendations from the document “Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas” by TSG-ML¹⁵ were taken into account. This protocol describes the methodology for microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastics from the samples, and chemical analysis of microplastic particles to confirm that particles are from plastic material and to identify the type of plastic. Sampling was done by the use of a manta net, which is the most suitable equipment for sampling in calm waters¹⁶. Separation of microplastics from the samples was carried out by visual identification using a stereomicroscope. Isolated particles were later chemically identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and micro FTIR spectroscopy.