生体内でゲノムにどのような影響を与えるかクロマチン制御因子とクロマチンの状態の問題は、細胞運命決定が発生中の胚になっている様子を、早期の我々の理解の鍵である。 ChIPの-SEQ-グローバルレベル-さアフリカツメガエル胚のためにここで概説でクロマチンの機能を調査するための最も一般的なアプローチ。
The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and organ formation during development. Determining the locations and levels of such chromatin features in vivo will provide valuable information about the spatio-temporal regulation of genomic elements, and will support aspirations to mimic embryonic tissue development in vitro. The most commonly used method for genome-wide and high-resolution profiling is chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). This protocol outlines how yolk-rich embryos such as those of the frog Xenopus can be processed for ChIP-Seq experiments, and it offers simple command lines for post-sequencing analysis. Because of the high efficiency with which the protocol extracts nuclei from formaldehyde-fixed tissue, the method allows easy upscaling to obtain enough ChIP material for genome-wide profiling. Our protocol has been used successfully to map various DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors, signaling mediators, components of the transcription machinery, chromatin modifiers and post-translational histone modifications, and for this to be done at various stages of embryogenesis. Lastly, this protocol should be widely applicable to other model and non-model organisms as more and more genome assemblies become available.
The first attempts to characterize protein-DNA interactions in vivo were reported about 30 years ago in an effort to understand RNA polymerase-mediated gene transcription in bacteria and in the fruit fly1,2. Since then, the use of immunoprecipitation to enrich distinct chromatin features (ChIP) has been widely adopted to capture binding events and chromatin states with high efficiency3. Subsequently, with the emergence of powerful microarray technologies, this method led to the characterization of genome-wide chromatin landscapes4. More recently, chromatin profiling has become even more comprehensive and high-resolution, because millions of co-immunoprecipitated DNA templates can now be sequenced in parallel and mapped to the genome (ChIP-Seq)5. As increasing numbers of genome assemblies are available, ChIP-Seq is an attractive approach to learn more about the genome regulation that underlies biological processes.
Here we provide a protocol to perform ChIP-Seq on yolk-rich embryos such as those of the frog Xenopus. Drafts of the genomes of both widely used Xenopus species—X. tropicalis and X. laevis—have now been released by the International Xenopus Genome Consortium6. The embryos of Xenopus species share many desirable features that facilitate and allow the interpretation of genome-wide chromatin studies, including the production of large numbers of high-quality embryos, the large size of the embryos themselves, and their external development. In addition, the embryos are amenable to classic and novel manipulations like cell lineage tracing, whole-mount in situ hybridisation, RNA overexpression, and TALEN/CRISPR-mediated knockout technology.
The following protocol builds on the work of Lee et al., Blythe et al. and Gentsch et al.7-9. Briefly, Xenopus embryos are formaldehyde-fixed at the developmental stage of interest to covalently bind (cross-link) proteins to their associated genomic DNA. After nuclear extraction, cross-linked chromatin is fragmented to focus subsequent sequencing on specific genomic binding or modification sites, and to minimize the contributions of flanking DNA sequences. Subsequently, the chromatin fragments are immunoprecipitated with a ChIP-grade antibody to enrich those containing the protein of interest. The co-immunoprecipitated DNA is stripped from the protein and purified before creating an indexed (paired-end) library for next-generation sequencing (NGS). At the end, simple command lines are offered for the post-sequencing analysis of ChIP-Seq data.
私たちのプロトコルは、 アフリカツメガエル胚からゲノムワイドなクロマチンのプロファイルを作成し、分析する方法について説明します。それは、 生体内で内因性遺伝子座への架橋タンパク質からのin silicoで濃縮されたゲノムのサイトを表す読み取る数百万を処理するすべてのステップをカバーしています。ゲノムのドラフトの増加数が利用可能なので、このプロトコルは、他のモデルと非モデル生物に適用可能であるべきである。前作8,31,33,34から離れて、このプロトコルを設定し、最も重要な実験の項では、架橋された核を抽出するためのポスト固定手順です。それは、効率的なクロマチンの可溶化及びせん断および容易なアップスケーリングが容易になります。一緒に図書館準備の改良効率を有するこのプロトコルは半分から関心のクロマチン関連エピトープを表す2百万個の細胞に高複雑チップ-配列ライブラリーの構築を可能にします。 ChIPの-qPCR実験のために、これらの細胞のいくつか1万は、通常は十分です多分6つの異なるゲノム遺伝子座でDNA濃縮をチェックする。これらの数値は、保守的な見積もりであるが、タンパク質発現レベルは、抗体の品質、架橋効率、およびエピトープのアクセシビリティに依存して変化し得る。目安として、単一のアフリカツメガエル胚は、中期胞胚期で約4000細胞(Nieuwkoopとフェイバー29の後8.5)、後半の原腸段階(12)で、40,000細胞や初期尾芽段(20)に100,000細胞が含まれています。
効率的な免疫沈降のための正確な固定時間は、ChIPの、定量PCR(セクション10)によって経験的に決定される必要がある。実験はXを含む場合、一般的には、より長い固定時間が必要とされている胚、初期の発達段階、および弱い(または間接的な)DNA結合特性をツメガエル 。しかし、クロマチン断片化が少なく効率的になるように、40分よりも長いアフリカツメガエル胚を固定し、又は指示(セクション3)よりも多くの胚を処理してお勧めしません。それは重要ではありません非常に困難な卵黄に富む胚からの核抽出を行うことができ、ホルムアルデヒドを急冷するためのこの一般的なステップとして、定着後にグリシンを使用する。現在、この理由は不明である。これは、ホルムアルデヒド-グリシン付加物は、さらに、N末端 アミノ基またはアルギニン残基35と反応することが考えられる。
抗体は、任意のChIP実験の鍵であると十分な対照(Landt ら 36によるガイドラインを参照)、目的のエピトープに対する特異性を示すために行われる必要がある。何ChIPグレード抗体が利用可能でない場合、エピトープタグ融合タンパク質を、対応の導入は、これらのタンパク質は、内因性の結合部位37を占めることができるような合法的な代替手段であってもよい。この場合には、非注入胚は、陰性対照ではなく、非特異的血清でのChIPとして使用することが最善である。目的のタンパク質は、当研究所の乏しい回復をもたらす低レベルで発現される場合、この戦略を適用することも可能であるCHED DNA。
なぜなら、使用中のDNAの少量ののChIP-配列のライブラリーを作製するためのように、洗浄工程の数を減らし、最低限DNAの損失を維持するために反応を結合するための手順を選ぶことが推奨される。アダプターおよびプライマーは、(特定の材料/機器の表を参照)の多重配列決定およびNGSプラットフォームと互換性がある必要があります。 (長い一本鎖アームを含む)Y-アダプタを使用する場合、それは、サイズを選択するDNAインサートの前にPCR 3~5回と予め増幅するライブラリに重要である( 例えば 、100〜300 bp)のゲル電気泳動。一本鎖末端は、DNA断片が不均一に移行させる。試験は、PCRサイクル数を決定するために推奨されている入力DNA( 例えば 、0.1、0.5、1、2、5、10および20 ng)を種々の量で実行され(以下で18サイクルに等しい)のサイズを作るために必要な100から200 ngのの-selectedライブラリ。 PCRサイクルの数を減らすことのReduの配列をレンダリングndantは可能性が低い読み取る。固相可逆固定化ビーズは、効率的に目的のDNAを回復し、確実に連結およびPCR反応からの任意の空きアダプターと二量体を除去するための試薬をクリーンアップ良いです。
、読み込みの数、種類や長さの点では周りの20から30000000シングルエンドが36塩基対の読み取りに十分な深さで全体のアフリカツメガエルのゲノムをカバーするための最ものChIP-配列の実験のために十分である。最も一般的なNGSマシンは、これらの基準を満たすことが日常的に可能である。しかし、読み込みの広い分布が予想される場合に読み取るのではなく鋭いピークではなく、ヒストン修飾と観察されたように、数を増加させることが有益であり得る。多くのChIP-配列の実験のために、4~5異なってインデックス付きのライブラリをプールすることができ、高性能のNGS機を用いて一つのフローセルレーンに配列決定した。時々mappability wのを高めるために、リードの長さおよび配列のDNA鋳型(ペアエンド)の両端を拡張することも推奨される反復的なゲノム領域内のクロマチンを分析鶏。
このプロトコルは、そのような転写因子、シグナル伝達メディエーターおよび翻訳後ヒストン修飾として、クロマチン機能の多種多様な正常に適用された。彼らが開発し、クロマチンプロファイルを解釈するのが困難になるとしかし、胚は、細胞の不均一性の増加度合いを取得する。有望な手順は、細胞型特異的な核38,39を抽出することにより、組織特異的プロファイルクロマチン風景にシロイヌナズナおよびショウジョウバエにおいてなされている。私たちのプロトコルは、他の胚における組織特異的のChIP-配列への道を開くことができ、核抽出工程が含まれています。
The authors have nothing to disclose.
We thank Chris Benner for implementing the X. tropicalis genome (xenTro2, xenTro2r) into HOMER and the Gilchrist lab for discussions on post-sequencing analysis. I.P. assisted the GO term analysis. G.E.G and J.C.S. were supported by the Wellcome Trust and are now supported by the Medical Research Council (program number U117597140).
1/16 inch tapered microtip | Qsonica | 4417 | This microtip is compatible with Sonicator 3000 from Misonix and Q500/700 from Qsonica. |
8 ml glass sample vial with cap | Wheaton | 224884 | 8 ml clear glass sample vials for aqueous samples with 15-425 size phenolic rubber-lined screw caps. |
Adaptor | IDT or Sigma | NA | TruSeq universal adaptor,
AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAG ATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACAC GACGCTCTTCCGATC*T. TruSeq indexed adaptor, P-GATCGGAAGAGCACACGTC TGAACTCCAGTCAC ‐NNNNNN‐ ATCTCGTATGCCGTCT TCTGCTT*G. *, phosphorothioate bondphosphate group at 5' end. NNNNNN, index (see TruSeq ChIP Sample Preparation Guide for DNA sequence). Order adaptors HPLC purified. Adaptors can be prepared by combining equimolar amounts (each 100 µM) of the universal and the indexed adaptor and cooling them down slowly from 95 °C to room temperature. Use 1.5 pmol per ng of input DNA. Store at -20 °C. |
b2g4pipe (software) | Blast2GO | non-commercial | http://www.blast2go.com/data/blast2go/b2g4pipe_v2.5.zip |
BLAST+ (software) | Camacho et al. | non-commercial | http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download |
Bowtie (software) | Langmead et al. | non-commercial | http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/index.shtml |
cisFinder (software) | Sharov et al. | non-commercial | http://lgsun.grc.nia.nih.gov/CisFinder/ |
Chip for capillary electrophoresis | Agilent Technologies | 5067-1504 | Load this chip with 1 µl DNA for library quality control. Store at 4 °C. |
Chip-based capillary electrophoresis system | Agilent Technologies | G2940CA | The Agilent 2100 BioAnalyzer is used to check the quality of ChIP-Seq libraries. Keep reagents at 4 °C. |
ChIP-Seq library preparation kit (KAPA Hyper Prep Kit) | Kapa Biosystems | KK8504 | Kit contains KAPA end repair and A-tailing enzyme mix, end Repair and A-tailing buffer, DNA ligase, ligation buffer, KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (2X), and KAPA library amplification primer mix (10X) (see also PCR primers). Adaptors are not included. Store at -20 °C. |
ChIP-Seq library preparation kit (alternative, ThruPLEX-FD Prep Kit) | Rubicon Genomics | R40048 | Kit uses their own stem-loop adaptors and primers. This kit eliminates intermediate purification steps and is as sensitive as the KAPA Hyper Prep Kit. Store at -20 °C. |
Cluster3 (software) | de Hoon et al. | non-commercial | http://bonsai.hgc.jp/~mdehoon/software/cluster |
FastQC (software) | Simon Andrews | non-commercial | http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc |
Fluorometer | life technologies | Q32866 | Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer |
Fluorometer reagents | life technologies | Q32851 | The kit provides concentrated assay reagent, dilution buffer, and pre-diluted DNA standards for the Qubit fluorometer. Store DNA standards at 4 °C, buffer and dye at room temperature. |
Formaldehyde | Sigma | F8775-4X25ML | Formaldehyde solution, for molecular biology, 36.5-38% in H2O, stabilised with 10-15% methanol. Store at room temperature. CAUTION: Formaldehyde is corrosive and highly toxic. |
Gel (E-Gel EX agarose , 2%) | life technologies | G4010 | Pre-cast gel with 11 wells, openable format. Leave one lane between ladder and library empty to avoid cross-contamination. Store gels at room temperature. |
Gel electrophoresis system | life technologies | G6465 | E-Gel iBase and E-Gel Safe Imager combo kit for size-selecting ChIP-Seq libraries. |
Gel extraction kit | Qiagen | 28706 | Store all reagents at room temperature. Use 500 µl of QG buffer per 100 mg of 2% agarose gel slice to extract DNA. Use MinElute columns (from MinElute PCR purification kit) to elute DNA twice. |
HOMER (software) | Chris Benner | non-commercial | http://homer.salk.edu/homer/index.html |
Hybridization oven | Techne | FHB1D | Hybridizer HB-1D |
IGV (software) | Robinson et al. | non-commercial | http://www.broadinstitute.org/igv/home |
Illumina CASAVA-1.8 quality filter (software) | Assaf Gordon | non-commercial | http://cancan.cshl.edu/labmembers/gordon/fastq_illumina_filter |
Java TreeView (software) | Alok Saldanha | non-commercial | http://jtreeview.sourceforge.net |
Laboratory jack | Edu-Lab | CH0642 | This jack is used to elevate sample in sound enclosure for sonication. |
Ladder, 100 bp | New England BioLabs | N3231 | Keep 1x solution at room temperature. Store stock at -20 °C. |
Ladder, 1 kb | New England BioLabs | N3232 | Keep 1x solution at room temperature. Store stock at -20 °C. |
Low-retention 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes | life technologies | AM12450 | nonstick, RNase-free microfuge tubes, 1.5 ml |
MACS2 (software) | Tao Liu | non-commercial | https://github.com/taoliu/MACS |
Magnetic beads | life technologies | 11201D | These Dynabeads are superparamagnetic beads with affinity purified polyclonal sheep anti-mouse IgG covalently bound to the bead surface. Store at 4 °C. |
Magnetic beads | life technologies | 11203D | These Dynabeads are superparamagnetic beads with affinity purified polyclonal sheep anti-rabbit IgG covalently bound to the bead surface. Store at 4 °C. |
Magnetic beads | life technologies | 10001D | These Dynabeads are superparamagnetic beads with recombinant protein A covalently bound to the bead surface. Store at 4 °C. |
Magnetic beads | life technologies | 10003D | These Dynabeads are superparamagnetic beads with recombinant protein G covalently bound to the bead surface. Store at 4 °C. |
Magnetic rack | life technologies | 12321D | DynaMag-2 magnet |
MEME | Bailey et al. | non-commercial | http://meme.nbcr.net/meme/ |
Na3VO4 | New England BioLabs | P0758 | Sodium orthovanadate (100 mM) is a commonly used general inhibitor for protein phosphotyrosyl phosphatases. Store at -20 °C. |
NaF | New England BioLabs | P0759 | Sodium fluoride (500 mM) is commonly used as general inhibitor of phosphoseryl and phosphothreonyl phosphatases. Store at -20 °C. |
NGS machine | Illumina | SY-301-1301 | Genome Analyzer IIx |
NGS machine (high performance) | Illumina | SY-401-2501 | HiSeq |
Normal serum (antibody control) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-2028 | Use as control for goat polyclonal IgG antibodies in ChIP-qPCR experiments. Store at 4 °C. |
Normal serum (antibody control) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-2025 | Use as control for mouse polyclonal IgG antibodies in ChIP-qPCR experiments. Store at 4 °C. |
Normal serum (antibody control) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-2027 | Use as control for rabbit polyclonal IgG antibodies in ChIP-qPCR experiments. Store at 4 °C. |
Nucleic acid staining solution | iNtRON | 21141 | Use RedSafe nucleic acid staining solution at 1:50,000. Store at room temperature. |
Orange G | Sigma | O3756-25G | 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid disodium salt. Store at 4 °C. |
PCR primers | e.g., IDT or Sigma | NA | Primers to enrich adaptor-ligated DNA fragments by PCR: AATGATACGGCGACCACCGA*G and CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGA*G, phosphorothioate bond. Primers designed by Ethan Ford. Combine primers at 5 µM each. Use 5 µl in a 50 µl PCR reaction. Store at -20 °C. |
MinElute PCR purification kit | Qiagen | 28006 | for purification of ChIP-qPCR and shearing test samples. Store MinElute spin columns at 4 °C, all other buffers and collection tubes at room temperature. |
Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1, pH 7.9) | life technologies | AM9730 | Phenol:Chloroform:IAA (25:24:1) is premixed and supplied at pH 6.6. Use provided Tris alkaline buffer to raise pH to 7.9. Store at 4 °C. CAUTION: phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol is corrosive, highly toxic and combustible. |
Primer3 (software) | Steve Rozen & Helen Skaletsky | non-commercial | http://biotools.umassmed.edu/bioapps/primer3_www.cgi |
Protease inhibitor tablets | Roche | 11836170001 | cOmplete, Mini, EDTA-free. Use 1 tablet per 10 ml. Store at 4 °C. |
Protease inhibitor tablets | Roche | 11873580001 | cOmplete, EDTA-free. Use 1 tablet per 50 ml. Store at 4 °C. |
Proteinase K | life technologies | AM2548 | proteinase K solution (20 µg/µl). Store at -20 °C. |
RNase A | life technologies | 12091-039 | RNase A (20 µg/µl). Store at room temperature. |
Rotator | Stuart | SB3 | Rotator SB3 |
SAMtools (software) | Li et al. | non-commercial | http://samtools.sourceforge.neta |
Solid phase reversible immobilisation beads | Beckman Coulter | A63882 | The Agencourt AMPure XP beads are used to minimise adaptor dimer contamination in ChIP-Seq libraries. Store at 4 °C. |
Sonicator 3000 | Misonix/Qsonica | NA | Newer models are now available. Q125, Q500 or Q700 are all suitable for shearing crosslinked chromatin. |
Sound enclosure | Misonix/Qsonica | NA | optional: follow the manufacturer's recommendation to obtain the correct sound enclosure. |
Thermomixer | eppendorf | 22670000 | Thermomixer for 24 x 1.5 mL tubes. Precise temperature control from 4 °C above room temperature to 99 °C. |