功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽
Summary
本文介绍了使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术在鸣禽脑的听觉刺激的神经基板成像的优化过程。它描述的声音刺激，定位的主体和收购和后续分析fMRI的数据编制。
Abstract
神经生物学的鸟鸣声，人的讲话作为一个模型，是一个明显的行为神经科学的研究领域。鉴于电生理和分子生物学方法允许调查两种不同的刺激，一些神经元，或一个刺激大脑的大部分地区，血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，可以结合两者的优点， 即比较神经激活引起整个大脑的不同的刺激一次。 fMRI的鸣禽是具有挑战性的，因为他们的大脑体积小，因为他们的骨头，尤其是他们的头骨，包括众多的空气腔，诱导重要的敏感伪影。 BOLD功能磁共振成像梯度回波（GE）已成功地应用于鸣禽1-5（综述见6）。这些研究主要集中在小学和中学的听觉脑区，这是区域敏感性伪影。但是，因为进程内S弯超越这些地区可能会出现利益，需要全脑BOLD功能磁共振成像MRI序列使用不易受这些文物。这可以通过使用自旋回波（SE）BOLD功能磁共振成像7,8。在这篇文章中，我们描述了如何使用这个技术在斑胸草雀（ 雀Taeniopygia），这是一个体重15-25克的小鸣禽广泛研究，行为神经科学的鸟鸣声。鸣禽的功能磁共振成像研究的主要议题是歌曲感知和歌曲学习。听觉性刺激弱大胆SE（GE）的功能磁共振成像序列的灵敏度，使得这项技术的实施非常具有挑战性的结合。
Protocol
1。听觉刺激的制备首先7T MR系统内部的孔中正在播放的同时记录声音刺激。该孔是一个密闭的空间，可以扭曲从而提高目标的听觉频率的听觉刺激。 图1示出孔增强和抑制由我们的鸟的头部的位置内磁铁的白噪声的录音所示的频率使用光纤麦克风（1160 Optimic，Optoacoustics）。为了弥补这个人工增强，均衡器函数被应用到每个刺激使用波达软件。对于我们的特定设置，使用以下参…
Representative Results
在这里，我们直观地呈现在斑胸草雀脑听觉刺激神经基板成功的成像程序的优化序列。首先，用于制备刺激听觉刺激的结果，在所描述的过程，可以并入一个ON / OFF块范式（ 图2），并归一化，以消除潜在的声压水平的差异，可以唤起大脑中的不同的反应。准备斑胸草雀进行MRI扫描，并将其定位成孔磁铁（ 图1），功能磁共振成像后可以被收购。此外，三维高分辨率图…
Discussion
在这份报告中，我们描述了一种优化方案的详细在听觉刺激神经 基板在麻醉的斑胸草雀体内表征。
在符合协议中，大多数脑功能激活的研究在大胆使用功能磁共振成像的动物，麻醉动物，在收购过程中。训练动物，打算让她们磁铁环境和研究期间的扫描仪的噪音也是可能的，但相当费时和具有挑战性的，因此很少采用。
虽然麻醉的生?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
支持这项研究是由研究基金会 – 佛兰德（FWO，项目数G.0420.02 G.0443.11N）的大力神基础（授予NR AUHA0012），协调一致的研究行动（GOA资金）从安特卫普大学的拨款，部分赞助EC – FP6项目DIMI，LSHB-CT-2005-512146和EC – FP6项目EMIL LSHC-CT-2004-503569 A.VdL。 G.DG和CP的博士后研究基金会 – 佛兰德（FWO）。
Materials
| Name of the reagent/equipment | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| Isoflurane anaesthetic | Isoflo | 05260-05 | |
| PC-Sam hardware/software | SA-Instruments | http://www.i4sa.com | |
| Monitoring and gating system | 1025 | ||
| MR-compatible small rodent heater system | Model 1025 compatible | ||
| Rectal temperature probe | RTP-102B | 7”, 0.044” | |
| 7T MR scanner | Bruker Biospin | PHS 70/16 | |
| Paravision software | 5.1 | ||
| Gradient Insert | BGA9S | 400 mT/m, 300A, 500V | |
| Gradient Amplifiers | Copley Co., USA | C256 | |
| Transmit resonators | Inner diameter: 72 mm, transmit only, active decoupled | ||
| Receiver antenna – 20 mm quadrature Mouse Head | Receive only, active decoupled | ||
| WaveLab software | Steinberg | ||
| Praat software | Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam | http://www.praat.org | |
| Non-magnetic dynamic speakers | Visation, Germany | HK 150 | |
| Fiber optic microphone | Optoacoustics, | Optimic 1160 | |
| Sound amplifier | Phonic corporation | MM 1002a | |
| Presentation software | Neurobehavioral Systems Inc. | ||
| MRIcro | Chris Rorden | http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/ | |
| Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) | Welcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging | 8 | http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/ |
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Tags
Functional Magnetic Resonance ImagingFMRIAuditory StimulationSongbirdsNeurobiologyBirdsongBehavioral NeuroscienceElectrophysiologyMolecular ApproachesBOLD FMRINeural ActivationStimuliBrainBonesSkullAir CavitiesSusceptibility ArtifactsGradient-echoGE BOLD FMRIPrimary Auditory Brain AreasSecondary Auditory Brain AreasWhole Brain BOLD FMRISpin-echoZebra FinchesTaeniopygia Guttata
Cite This Article
Van Ruijssevelt, L., De Groof, G., Van der Kant, A., Poirier, C., Van Audekerke, J., Verhoye, M., Van der Linden, A. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds. J. Vis. Exp. (76), e4369, doi:10.3791/4369 (2013).