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Chapter 1

物理学の基礎

Chapter 1

Physics Basics

Many familiar physical quantities can be specified completely by giving a single number and the appropriate unit. For example, "a class period lasts …
Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of …
To define some physical quantities, there is a need to specify both magnitude as well as direction. For example, when the U.S. Coast Guard dispatches a …
A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, …
Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy …
In any measurement, the precision of the measuring tool is an essential factor. An ordinary ruler, for example, can measure length to the closest …
Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be …
The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary …
To describe the motion of an object, one should first be able to describe its position (where it is at any particular time). More precisely, the position …
Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never …
Newton's second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes …
Tension is a force along the length of a medium, in particular, a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word "tension" …
In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the …
Light interacts with an organism’s integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the …
Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The …
A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This …