Fungicide sprays on flowering plants may expose solitary bees to high concentrations of pollen-borne fungicide residues. Using laboratory-based experiments involving in vitro-reared bee larvae, this study investigates the interactive effects of consuming fungicide-treated pollen derived from host and non-host plants.
Dharampal, P. S., Carlson, C. M., Diaz-Garcia, L., Steffan, S. A. In Vitro Rearing of Solitary Bees: A Tool for Assessing Larval Risk Factors. J. Vis. Exp. (137), e57876, doi:10.3791/57876 (2018).