Analysis of tear film cytokines helps in studying various ocular diseases. Bead based multiplex assays are simple and sensitive and enable the testing of multiple targets in samples with small volumes. Here we describe a protocol for tear film cytokine profiling a using bead based multiplex assay.
Tear film is a complex mixture of lipids, proteins and minerals which covers the external surface of the eye, thereby providing lubrication, nutrition and protection to the underlying cells. Analysis of tears is an emerging area for the identification of biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of various ocular diseases. Tears are easily accessible and their collection is non-invasive. Therefore, advancing technologies are gaining prominence for identification of multiple analytes in tears to study changes in protein or metabolite composition and its association with pathological conditions. Tear cytokines are ideal biomarkers for studying the health of the ocular surface and also help in understanding the mechanisms of different ocular surface disorders like dry eye disease and vernal conjunctivitis. Bead based multiplex assays have the capability of detecting multiple analytes in a small amount of sample with a higher sensitivity. Here we describe a standardized protocol of tear sample collection, extraction and analysis of cytokine profiling using a bead based multiplex assay.
Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland and accessory glands and coat the outer surface of the eye. Tear film consists of an outer lipid layer and an inner aqueous layer that includes soluble proteins, mucins and membrane bound mucins. Tears prevent microbial invasion, supply nutrients, and provide lubrication to the ocular surface. Tears act as an interface between the air and tissue for oxygen transport to the cornea.1 Tear film is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and electrolytes. The association between tear proteins with ocular and systemic diseases like glaucoma, dry eye disease, vernal conjunctivitis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy and cancer has been identified in several studies.2,3,4 Tear samples can be collected by microcapillary tubes or tear flow strips (Schirmer strips). Additionally, the Schirmer's test is a standard procedure performed in the cornea and refractive surgery clinics, the results of which may be used for cytokine analysis assays. Non-invasive sample collection, accessibility of the bio-specimen, and the association of tear composition with various physiological and pathological conditions make tear film a potential source of biomarkers for several ocular and systemic diseases.4,5,6
Tear cytokines plays an important role in studying the ocular surface health and inflammatory conditions of various ocular diseases.7 Abnormal concentrations of several cytokines in tear samples were reported to be associated with dry eye disease, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, and uveitis.8,9,10,11,12,13 Tear proteins can be analyzed by traditional methods like mass spectrometry, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).14,15 However, the limitations of these methods are poor sensitivity and a larger volume of sample required for the analysis of multiple tear cytokines in each patient.16,17 Bead based multiplex assays have been developed to analyze multiple analytes in complex mixture samples and successfully applied on tear samples to analyze multiple cytokines in different diseases.6,18 A combination of sandwich ELISA and flow cytometry techniques enable these assays to become more sensitive than ELISA for the quantification of multiple analytes in a single sample.19 This method can be applied on a variety of clinical samples and cell culture supernatants and helps in the study of the immune responses in several pathophysiological conditions.20,21,22,23,24
There are several studies comparing bead based multiplex assays with ELISA and have reported a correlation between the methods. Loo et al. compared bead based multiplex assay with conventional ELISA for the detection of adiponectin, resistin, leptin and ghrelin in human serum or plasma samples and reported a strong correlation (r>0.9) between the assays.25 Dupont et al. reported a strong correlation between bead based multiplex assays and ELISA for the detection of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-ϒ, and TNF-α in phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide stimulated whole blood collected from pregnant women.26 Pickering et al. reported another strong correlation between bead based multiplex assay and ELISA for the detection of serum antibodies to Haemophilus influenza type b polysaccharide (r=0.96), toxoids of Clostridium tetani (r=0.96), and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (r=0.91).27 Biagini et al. reported a high positive correlation (r=0.852) between bead based multiplex assay and ELISA for detection of Bacillus anthracis anti-PA IgG in serum samples.28 Wang et al. reported a correlation between bead based multiplex assay and ELISA for the detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers amyloid-β 42 (r=0.77), total tau (r=0.94), and tau phosphorylated on amino acid 181 (r=0.82) in cerebrospinal fluid samples.29 These studies have demonstrated the applicability of bead based multiplex assays on variety of clinical samples, smaller sample volume requirements and a correlation with standard ELISA, which make bead based multiplex assays a promising alternative to traditional ELISA methods for the detection of multiple analytes in different type of samples in different disease phenotypes. Here we describe a standardized protocol for bead based multiplex assay for cytokine profiling for 41 analytes in tear samples collected from healthy subjects using Schirmer strips.
The protocols used in this study were approved by the Institutional review board of Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
1. Tear Cytokine Analysis
Tear samples were collected from 8 eyes of 4 healthy subjects using tear flow strips and cytokine levels were analyzed using the above mentioned protocol. All subjects were male and the age of the four subjects was 36, 42, 44 and 52 years respectively. Ocular surface health and dry eye disease was evaluated by clinical tests (tear film break up time, Schirmer's test, corneal staining, conjunctival staining, lid/meibomian gland examination, corneal tear signs and visual signs and symptoms) according to the International Dry Eye Workshop, 2007 guidelines and none of the subjects showed any signs and symptoms of dry eye disease.31
Out of the 41 cytokines analyzed, 31 cytokines were detected in all the tear samples, IL-17A, MIP-1β and TNF-α were detected in 7 eyes of 4 subjects, IL-4 was detected in 6 eyes of 4 subjects, IFN-γ was detected in 6 eyes of 3 subjects, IL-1A was detected in 5 eyes of 3 subjects, eotaxin and IL-9 were detected in 3 eyes of 2 subjects, IL-3 was detected in 1 eye and MIP-1α in none of the samples. The mean ± SD concentrations of 41 cytokines detected in healthy subjects using bead based multiplex assay (Figure 2) were mentioned in Table 2. Out of 41 cytokines analyzed, IL-1ra was found to be highly expressed in all the samples with the mean ± SD of 203.9 ± 52.6 ng/mL and ranged from 129.64 ng/mL to 271.7 ng/mL. Cytokines IP-10, GRO, MCP-1, PDGF-AA, Fractalkine, IL-8, EGF, PDGF-BB, VEGF and G-CSF were also highly expressed (ng/mL quantities) in the tears of healthy subjects and the remaining cytokines were expressed in pg/mL quantities (Table 2). The lowest measured concentration of tear cytokine was TNF-α with the mean ± SD of 27.25 ± 19.97 pg/mL and ranged from 10.75 pg/mL to 56.02 pg/mL. In 31 cytokines which were detected in all the samples, none showed a statistically significant difference in concentration (p>0.05) between the right and left eye by t-test (Figure 3).
Figure 1: Schematic flow diagram of tear cytokine profiling. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Tear cytokine profiles in healthy people. Representative scatterplot showing the log mean ± SD concentrations of 41 cytokines in tear samples collected from healthy subjects. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Inter-eye tear cytokine profile differences in healthy subjects. Representative scatterplot showing no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in inter-eye mean concentrations of 31 tear cytokines in healthy subjects. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
S. No. | Analytes | Bead region |
1 | EGF | 12 |
2 | FGF-2 | 13 |
3 | Eotaxin | 14 |
4 | TGF-α | 15 |
5 | G-CSF | 18 |
6 | Flt-3L | 19 |
7 | GM-CSF | 20 |
8 | Fractalkine | 21 |
9 | IFNα2 | 22 |
10 | IFNγ | 25 |
11 | GRO | 26 |
12 | IL-10 | 27 |
13 | MCP-3 | 28 |
14 | IL-12P40 | 29 |
15 | MDC | 30 |
16 | IL-12P70 | 33 |
17 | PDGF-AA | 34 |
18 | IL-13 | 35 |
19 | PDGF-AB/BB | 36 |
20 | IL-15 | 37 |
21 | sCD40L | 38 |
22 | IL-17A | 39 |
23 | IL-1RA | 42 |
24 | IL-1α | 44 |
25 | IL-9 | 45 |
26 | IL-1β | 46 |
27 | IL-2 | 48 |
28 | IL-3 | 51 |
29 | IL-4 | 53 |
30 | IL-5 | 55 |
31 | IL-6 | 57 |
32 | IL-7 | 61 |
33 | IL-8 | 63 |
34 | IP-10 | 65 |
35 | MCP-1 | 67 |
36 | MIP-1α | 72 |
37 | MIP-1β | 73 |
38 | RANTES | 74 |
39 | TNFα | 75 |
40 | TNFβ | 76 |
41 | VEGF | 78 |
Table 1: Analytes' names and corresponding bead region details.
S. No. | Cytokine | Number of eyes | Number of subjects | Mean concentrations | SD |
1 | EGF | 8 | 4 | 2610.29 | 1711.56 |
2 | Eotaxin | 3 | 2 | 404.73 | 260.76 |
3 | FGF-2 | 8 | 4 | 827.73 | 262.44 |
4 | Flt-3L | 8 | 4 | 475.4 | 133.6 |
5 | Fractalkine | 8 | 4 | 4179.08 | 1888.38 |
6 | G-CSF | 8 | 4 | 1287.57 | 633.16 |
7 | GM-CSF | 8 | 4 | 93.03 | 28.1 |
8 | GRO | 8 | 4 | 23176.87 | 18692.07 |
9 | IFNa2 | 8 | 4 | 641.4 | 253.55 |
10 | IFNg | 6 | 3 | 76.6 | 42.81 |
11 | IL-10 | 8 | 4 | 101.32 | 41.52 |
12 | IL-12 p40 | 8 | 4 | 245.46 | 133.01 |
13 | IL-12 p70 | 8 | 4 | 165.53 | 73.09 |
14 | IL-13 | 8 | 4 | 685.84 | 272.92 |
15 | IL-15 | 8 | 4 | 104.4 | 30.66 |
16 | IL-17A | 7 | 4 | 164.32 | 28.69 |
17 | IL-1a | 5 | 3 | 286.79 | 166.87 |
18 | IL-1b | 8 | 4 | 63.98 | 18.29 |
19 | IL-1ra | 8 | 4 | 203892.58 | 52593.48 |
20 | IL-2 | 8 | 4 | 78.35 | 25.15 |
21 | IL-3 | 1 | 1 | 38.2 | 0 |
22 | IL-4 | 6 | 4 | 268.94 | 120.84 |
23 | IL-5 | 8 | 4 | 74.96 | 23.8 |
24 | IL-6 | 8 | 4 | 86.97 | 27.78 |
25 | IL-7 | 8 | 4 | 384.08 | 153.57 |
26 | IL-8 | 8 | 4 | 3615.21 | 4677.5 |
27 | IL-9 | 3 | 2 | 35.22 | 5.11 |
28 | IP-10 | 8 | 4 | 87546.26 | 33256.53 |
29 | MCP-1 | 8 | 4 | 10074.73 | 8205.5 |
30 | MCP-3 | 8 | 4 | 376.13 | 120.68 |
31 | MDC | 8 | 4 | 968.08 | 309.39 |
32 | MIP-1b | 7 | 4 | 199.72 | 84.79 |
33 | PDGF-AA | 8 | 4 | 5174.06 | 4103.97 |
34 | PDGF-BB | 8 | 4 | 2567.61 | 919.01 |
35 | RANTES | 8 | 4 | 742.41 | 457.57 |
36 | TGF-a | 8 | 4 | 407.82 | 339.12 |
37 | TNFa | 7 | 4 | 27.25 | 19.97 |
38 | TNFb | 8 | 4 | 124 | 24.16 |
39 | VEGF | 8 | 4 | 1601.2 | 776.85 |
40 | sCD40L | 8 | 4 | 932.1 | 509.27 |
41 | MIP-1a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 2: Tear cytokine profiles in healthy subjects. Mean ± SD concentrations of 41 cytokines detected in healthy subjects using bead based multiplex assay.
Cytokines are small cellular secreted proteins and potent immune modulators regulating immune responses.32 The expression profiles of various cytokines in tear samples are related to various pathological conditions of the eye and studies on cytokine profiles help to understand the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, determine the state of ocular health, disease severity, diagnosis and progression.2,5 Lower protein concentrations and small sample volumes are the main challenges of traditional methods, limiting the use of assays like ELISA for the analysis of tear cytokine profiles.33 Bead based multiplex assays are immunoassays, which have distinct advantages over ELISA. Bead based multiplex assays require smaller sample volumes for analysis of multiple analytes and are highly sensitive, capable of detecting picogram concentrations of proteins in biological fluids.34
Here we report a standardized protocol for the quantitative analysis of 41 tear cytokines in healthy people using bead based multiplex assay. Out of the 41 cytokines in the panel, bead based multiplex assay detected 40 cytokines in tear samples and could not detect MIP-1α. This negative result might be because there were undetectable levels of MIP-1α in healthy tear samples or due to a smaller volume of tears. Tear samples collected using Schirmer strips have an advantage over other collection methods like microcapillary tube and sponges. For instance, in several clinical conditions, tear fluid volume can be measured by Schirmer strips and the tear fluid can be eluted from the same strip after measurement and used for cytokine analysis.35 Though microcapillary tubes are routinely used to collect tears and produce more consistent tear profiles, the procedure takes more time than the strip method, is more tedious, and may be uncomfortable for children and other patients. Moreover, this method may also induce reflex tear production by touching the conjunctiva and produce variable results of cytokine profiles compared to basal tears, thereby affecting the reproducibility of the assay.36 In some clinical conditions like dry eye disease, tear sample collection by Schirmer strips is reliable for protein analysis and helps in the identification of biomarkers.37,38
Bead based multiplex assays are a combination of flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA in which analytes in the sample are sandwiched between the specific antibody coated and color coded magnetic beads or microspheres and biotinylated detection antibody. These complexes can be detected by adding the reporter molecule Streptavidin-Phycoerythrin (PE) conjugate and subsequent exposure to a dual laser system in a modified flow cytometry-based instrument.39 In a dual laser system, one laser excites the internal dyes and its signal represents the coated specific antibody. The second laser excites the reporting molecule PE conjugate bound to the detection antibody complex and the intensity of the signals represent the concentration of analyte.
The capability of the microspheres to be coded with dyes of varying intensities enable the assay to detect up to 100 different analytes in a small volume of sample in a single well.39 Though bead based multiplex assays are rapid, reproducible, and comparable to standard ELISA assays,34,40 this method requires dedicated instruments, evaluation of kits and standardization of protocols for various biological specimens.39 The presence of auto-antibodies in the clinical samples may affect the bead based multiplex results.34,39 For routine use of these assays in clinical settings, it is recommended to use the assay kits from one specific manufacturer. The sensitivity, detection of absolute concentrations of cytokines, and reproducibility were reported to vary with the different kits.41 Antibody microarrays or membrane microarrays are highly sensitive, inexpensive alternative high throughput techniques which detect multiple analytes in a small volume of samples and can be applied successfully on tear samples for the analysis of cytokines and other proteins.35,42 However, numerous limitations exist, as these assays are time consuming, semi quantitative, exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio, and lack standardized protocols.19,43
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The research work was supported by the Centre Grant from Tan Tock Seng Hospital Personalised Seed Funding Program 2015; Singapore Eye Research Institute Pilot Grant and Tan Tock Seng Hospital Pitch for Fund grant.
Milliplex MAP human cytokine / chemokine magnetic bead panel -1 kit | Merck, USA | HCYTOMAG-60K-41 | |
Flexmap 3D luminex instrument | Luminex Corp, Austin, TX, USA | ||
xPonent software | Luminex Corp, Austin, TX, USA | ||
RBXGenerator software | BIO-RAD, France | ||
Bio-Plex Manager 6.1 | BIO-RAD, France | ||
Plate shaker | Corning, USA | ||
TECAN Microplate Washer | Tecan, Switzerland | HydroSpeed | |
Vortex Genie 2 | Scientific Industries inc, USA | G560E | |
Pipettes | Mettler Toledo, CA, USA | ||
1.5ml microcentrifuge tube | Axygen, USA | MCT-150-C | |
Schirmer tear flow test strip | Eye Care and Cure, USA | 101657 | |
Flexmap 3D Calibration Kit | Luminex Corp, Austin, TX, USA | 40-028 | |
Flexmap 3D Verfication Kit | Luminex Corp, Austin, TX, USA | 40-029 | |
Ocular examination chair |