在这里,我们提出了使用珠子支持的脂质双分子层逐步重建合成抗原呈递细胞的方案,以及它们用于询问活化T细胞的突触输出。
抗原呈递细胞(APC)向参与物理接触的T细胞提供三种激活信号:1)抗原,2)共刺激/共压,以及3)可溶性细胞因子。T细胞释放两种效应粒子响应于激活:跨突触囊泡(tSV)和超分子攻击粒子,它们分别转移细胞间信使和介导细胞毒性。这些实体被与T细胞进行物理接触的APC迅速内化,使其表征令人生畏。本文提出了制造和使用珠状支持脂质双分子层(BSLBs)作为抗原呈递细胞(APC)模拟物以捕获和分析这些反突触颗粒的方案。还描述了用于绝对测量细胞表面蛋白质密度的方案,具有这种生理水平的BSLBs的重建以及用于跟踪T细胞释放突触颗粒的流式细胞术程序。该协议可用于研究单个蛋白质,复杂配体混合物,病原体毒力决定因素和药物对T细胞效应输出的影响,包括辅助性T细胞,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,调节性T细胞和嵌合抗原受体表达T细胞(CART)。
免疫突触(IS)是在从事物理接触的细胞界面处形成的关键分子结构,其促进并列素信息的调节交换。文献中已经描述了不同的智能体,越来越多的证据表明这些分子集线器是蜂窝网络的保守特征。各种免疫细胞,包括B细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和T细胞,通过短寿命接触的组装来交换信息1。多组学研究正在推进对驱动致病性细胞网络并表达具有未知功能的表面蛋白的白细胞和基质细胞的新亚群的理解。作为合成的APC,BSLB允许直接研究单个蛋白质在T细胞整合激活信号(即抗原和共刺激/共压)中的功能作用,以及由此产生的效应颗粒的释放,称为信号四。
本文描述了在使用BSLB模拟模型APC的表面组成时要考虑的协议和关键技术要点。提出了用于定量测量APC上免疫受体和其他表面蛋白的方案以及用于重建含有这些测量量的合成APC的方案。然后,提出共培养T细胞和BSLB所需的步骤以及使用流式细胞术定量测量跨突触颗粒转移的方案。最值得注意的是,BSLB有助于研究称为突触外接体(SEs)的质膜衍生的tSV群体。T细胞抗原受体富集(TCR +)SEs响应于TCR触发2而脱落,并被BSLBs3有效捕获,代表了评估抗原和模拟膜组成的激动特性的出色读数。CD63 +外泌体和超分子攻击颗粒(SMAP)也被刺激的T细胞释放并被BSLBs捕获。它们可以用作激活的额外读数以及T细胞分泌的外细胞和裂解颗粒。外细胞囊泡向T细胞相互作用极的动员也有助于细胞因子的定向释放,例如IL-2,IFN-γ和IL-10响应于激活4,5,6,7,8。虽然T细胞释放的细胞因子也可以在BSLBs上检测到,但目前正在开发一项更专门的研究,以验证免疫突触中细胞因子释放的定量分析。
为了询问特定的膜组成如何影响T细胞的突触输出,需要定义靶膜组分的生理密度。基于流式细胞术的细胞表面蛋白定量是该方案中必不可少的步骤,需要:1)使用每个抗体具有已知荧光染料数(F / P)的抗体,以及2)基准微球,为从测量的平均荧光强度(MFI)插值荧光染料分子提供标准参考。
这些基准标准品由五个微球群体组成,每个微球群体包含越来越多的等效可溶性荧光染料(MESF),这些荧光素跨越任意荧光检测的动态范围。这些标准群体产生离散的荧光峰,有助于通过简单的线性回归将任意荧光单元转换为MESF。然后将得到的MESF与抗体F / P值一起使用,以计算每个细胞(或后续步骤中的BSLB)结合分子的平均数量。将估计的细胞表面积应用于检测到的分子的平均数量,然后能够将生理密度计算为分子/ μm2。该定量方案还可以适用于测量T细胞上的蛋白质密度和介导同型T细胞突触(即T-T突触9)形成的膜组合物的生化重建。如果需要,可以通过使用标记每个分子已知数量的荧光色素的重组靶标来进一步估计抗体结合的效价。然后,通过同时比较结合的荧光蛋白和定量抗体的数量(使用两种不同的定量荧光染料和MESF标准品),可以计算同一BSLB群体的抗体结合价。
APC膜的重构需要在硅微珠上组装支撑的脂质双分子层(SLB)1。可以利用含有不同磷脂物种的脂质体储液形成多功能脂质 – 双层基质,从而能够锚定具有不同结合化学性质的重组蛋白(脂质体的制备详见 10)。一旦定义了”细胞上”相关配体的生理密度(或密度),就可以使用相同的流式细胞术方案来估计涂覆具有目标生理密度的BSLBs所需的重组蛋白的浓度。两种不同的锚固系统可以组合使用,也可以单独使用。
首先,含有最终12.5摩尔%的含Ni2 +磷脂的SLB足以提供每平方微米约10,000个His标签结合位点10 ,并且能够很好地用大多数市售蛋白质装饰BSLB,其生理密度不超过此最大负载能力。第二种负载系统利用含生物素的磷脂(以摩尔为单位)通过链霉亲和素桥加载生物素化的抗CD3e Fab(或HLA / MHC单体)。这两种BSLB装饰方法的结合使得BSLB能够灵活地定制为合成APC。对于高度复杂的APC表面组合物,磷脂和蛋白质的摩尔%可以增加,以加载手头问题所需的尽可能多的蛋白质。一旦定义了蛋白质的工作浓度和生物素化磷脂的摩尔%,就可以组装BSLB以使用多参数流式细胞术询问T细胞的突触输出。
BSLB是用于研究用APC型膜刺激的T细胞的颗粒输出的多功能工具。该方法的灵活性允许重建复杂和还原剂膜组合物,以研究配体及其信号对tSV和超分子攻击颗粒及其组分的分泌的影响。我们已经在各种T细胞上测试了这项技术,包括预活化的TH,CTL,Tregs和CART15。该协议还适用于测量新鲜分离和静止的T细胞的突触颗粒释放。使用新鲜分离的T细胞的一个局限性是,这些静止的群体产生?…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
我们感谢我们的实验室成员和肯尼迪风湿病研究所社区的建设性科学讨论,特别是我们的流式细胞术设施经理Jonathan Webber。这项工作由惠康信托基金会首席研究奖学金100262Z / 12 / Z,ERC高级资助(SYNECT AdG 670930)和肯尼迪风湿病研究信托基金(KTRR)资助(三者都给MLD)。PFCD得到了EMBO长期奖学金(ALTF 1420-2015,与欧盟委员会(LTFCOFUND2013,GA-2013-609409)和Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions)以及牛津 – 布里斯托尔迈尔斯施贵宝奖学金的支持。
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid)succinyl] (nickel salt) | Avanti Polar Lipids | 790404C-25mg | 18:1 DGS-NTA(Ni) in chloroform |
PIPETMAN L Multichannel P8x200L, 20-200 µL |
Gilson | FA10011 | |
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | Avanti Polar Lipids | 850375C-25mg | 18:1 (Δ9-Cis) PC (DOPC) in chloroform |
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 390 | ATTO-TEC | AD 390-165 | DOPE ATTO 390 |
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 488 | ATTO-TEC | AD 488-165 | DOPE ATTO 488 |
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 565 | ATTO-TEC | AD 565-165 | DOPE ATTO 565 |
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(cap biotinyl) (sodium salt) | Avanti Polar Lipids | 870273C-25mg | 18:1 Biotinyl Cap PE in chloroform |
200 µL yellow tips 10 x 96 Tips, Stack | Starlab | S1111-0206 | |
5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tubes | Falcon® | 352052 | |
5.00 ± 0.05 µm non-functionalized silica beads | Bangs Laboratories Inc. | SS05003 | |
96 Well Cell Cultture Plate U-bottom with Lid, Tissue culture treated, non-pyrogenic. | Costar® | 3799 | For FCM staining and co-culture of BSLB and cells. |
96 Well Cell Cultture Plate V-bottom with Lid, Tissue culture treated, non-pyrogenic. | Costar® | 3894 | For FCM staining of cells or beads in suspension. |
Alexa Fluor 488 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ | A20000 | |
Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ | A37573 and A20006 | |
Allegra X-12R Centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | For normal in tube staining of biological samples for FCM | |
Aluminum Foil | Any brand | For protecting cells and BSLBs from light | |
anti-human CD154 (CD40L), clone 24-31 | BioLegend | 310815 and 310818 | Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively. |
anti-human CD185 (CXCR5) Brilliant Violet 711, clone J252D4 | BioLegend | 356934 | For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E |
anti-human CD19 Brilliant Violet 421, clone HIB19 | BioLegend | 302234 | For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E |
anti-human CD2, clone RPA-2.10 | BioLegend | 300202 | Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human CD2, clone TS1/8 | BioLegend | 309218 | Brilliant Violet 421 conjugate. |
anti-human CD252 (OX40L), clone 11C3.1 | BioLegend | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate | |
anti-human CD28, clone CD28.2 | eBioscience | 16-0289-85 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human CD317 (BST2, PDCA-1), clone 26F8 | ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen | 53-3179-42 | Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate, we found this clone to be cleaner than clone RS38E. |
anti-human CD38, clone HB-7 | BioLegend | 356624 | Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate |
anti-human CD38, clone HIT2 | BioLegend | 303514 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human CD39, clone A1 | BioLegend | Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) | |
anti-human CD4 Brilliant Violet 650, clone OKT4 | BioLegend | 317436 | For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E |
anti-human CD4, clone A161A1 | BioLegend | 357414 and 357421 | PerCP/Cyanine5.5 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively |
anti-human CD4, clone OKT4 | BioLegend | 317414 and 317422 | PE/Cy7 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively |
anti-human CD40, clone 5C3 | BioLegend | 334304 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human CD40, clone G28.5 | BioLegend | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) | |
anti-human CD45, clone HI30 | BioLegend | 304056 and 368516 | Alexa Fluor 647 and APC/Cy7 conjugates |
anti-human CD47, clone CC2C6 | BioLegend | 323118 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human CD54 (ICAM-1), clone HCD54 | BioLegend | 322702 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human CD63 (LAMP-3), clone H5C6 | BioLegend | 353020 and 353015 | PerCP/Cyanine5.5 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively |
anti-human CD73, clone AD2 | BioLegend | 344002 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human CD80, clone 2D10 | BioLegend | 305216 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human CD81, clone 5A6 | BioLegend | 349512 and 349502 | PE/Cy7 conjugate and labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester), respectively. |
anti-human CD82, clone ASL-24 | BioLegend | 342108 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human CD86, clone IT2.2 | BioLegend | 305416 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human CD8a, clone HIT8a | BioLegend | 300920 | Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate |
anti-human CD8a, clone SK1 | BioLegend | 344724 | Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate |
anti-human HLA-A/B/C/E, clone w6/32 | BioLegend | 311414 and 311402 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate and Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human HLA-DR, clone L243 | BioLegend | 307656 and 307622 | Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively. |
anti-human ICAM-1, clone HCD54 | BioLegend | 322702 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human ICOS, clone C398.4A | BioLegend | 313516 | Armenian Hamster IgG |
anti-human ICOSL, clone MIH12 | BioLegend | 329611 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human ICOSL, clone MIH12 | eBioscience | 16-5889-82 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human LFA-1, clone TS1/22 | BioLegend | Produced in house | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human OX40, clone Ber-ACT35 (ACT35) | BioLegend | 350018 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human PD-1 , clone EH12.2H7 | BioLegend | 135230 and 329902 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate and Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human PD-L1, clone 29E.2A3 | BioLegend | 329702 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human PD-L2, clone 24F.10C12 | BioLegend | 329611 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
anti-human PD-L2, clone MIH18 | BioLegend | 345502 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
anti-human TCRab, clone IP26 | BioLegend | 306712 and 306714 | Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively. |
antti-human CD156c (ADAM10), clone SHM14 | BioLegend | 352702 | |
antti-human CD317 (BST2, Tetherin), clone RS38E | BioLegend | 348404 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
Armenian Hamster IgG Alexa Fluor 647 Isotype control, clone HTK888 | BioLegend | 400902 | Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
BD Cytometer Setup and Tracking beads | Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) | 641319 | Performance track of instruments before quantitative FCM |
BD FACSDiva | Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) | 23-14523-00 | Acquisition software |
Bovine Seum Albumin | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | A3294 | |
CaCl2, Calcium chloride | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | C5670 | anhydrous, BioReagent, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥96.0% |
Casein from bovine milk, suitable for substrate for protein kinase (after dephosphorylation), purified powder | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | C5890 | |
Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 11132D | |
DynaMag-2 | ThermoFisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ | 12321D | For the removal of Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 in volumes less than 2 mL |
DynaMag™-15 | ThermoFisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ | 12301D | For the removal of Dynabeads™ Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 in volumes less than 15 mL |
Fetal Bovine Serum Qualified, One Shot | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | A3160801 | Needs heat inactivation for 30 min at 56 oC |
Ficoll-Paque PLUS | Cytiva, GE Healthcare | GE17-1440-02 | Sterile solution of polysaccharide and sodium diatrizoate for lymphocyte isolation |
Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 780 | eBiosciences | 65-0865-14 | For the exclusion of dead cells during analyses |
FlowJo | Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) | Version 10.7.1 | Analysis software |
Grant Bio MPS-1 Multi Plate Shaker | Keison Products | MPS-1 | For the mixing of either cells during stainings or BSLBs during staning or protein loading (as an alternative to orbital agitation) |
HEPES Buffer Solution (1 M) | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 15630-056 | |
HEPES, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid. | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | H4034 | For preparation of HBS/HAS or HBS/BSA buffer. BioPerformance Certified, ≥99.5% (titration), suitable for cell culture |
HERACell 150i CO2 incubator, 150 L, Electropolished Stainless Steel | ThermoFisher Scientific | 51026282 | For culturing and expanding purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. |
Hula Mixer® Sample Mixer | ThermoFisher Scientific, Life Technologies | 15920D | Vertical, variable-angle laboratory mixer used for the mixing of BSLBs and lipid master mix, blocking solutions, protein master mix and small scale antibody stainings. |
Human Serum Albumin, 30% aqueous solution | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | 12667-M | |
Human TruStain FcX Fc Receptor Blocking Solution | BioLegend | 422302 | Fc Receptor Blocking Solution for blocking of Fc Receptors from biologically relevant samples |
Innovatis CASY cell counter and analyzer TT | Biovendis Products GmbH | For the counting of cells and the determination of cell size and volume based on the exclusion of electric current. | |
KCl, Potassium chloride | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | P5405 | Powder, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture |
L-Glutamine 200 mM (100x) | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 25030-024 | |
MgCl2, Magessium chloride | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | M2393 | BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture |
Microtube Insert for 24 x 1.5/2.0 mL tubes | Keison Products | P-2-24 | Microtube insert for Grant Bio MPS-1 Multi Plate Shaker |
Mini Incubator | Labnet International | I5110A-230V | For the incubation (co-culturing) of BSLB and cells in the absence of CO2 |
Minimum Essential Medium Non-Essential Amino Acids | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 11140-035 | |
Mouse IgG polyclonal antibody control | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | PP54 | Used as positive control for the measurement of antibodies bound to mouse IgG capture bead standards |
Mouse IgG1, k Isotype, clone MOPC-21 | BioLegend | 400129, 400112, 400130, 400144, 400128 and 400170 | Alexa Fluor 488, PE, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 700, APC/Cyanine7 and Brilliant Violet 785 conjugates, respectively. |
Mouse IgG1, k Isotype, clone X40 | Becton Dickinson & Company (BD), Horizon | 562438 | Brilliant Violet 421 conjugate. |
Mouse IgG1, κ Isotype control, clone P3.6.2.8.1 | eBioscience | 14-4714-82 | Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
Mouse IgG2a, k Isotype, clone MOPC-173 | BioLegend | 400240 | Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate |
Mouse IgG2b, k Isotype, clone MPC-11 | BioLegend | 400330 and 400355 | Alexa Fluor 647 and Brilliant Violet 785 conjugates, respectively |
Multiwell 6 well Tissue culture treated with vacuum gas plasma | Falcon | 353046 | For culturing and expanding purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. |
Na2HPO4, Disodium Phosphate | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | S7907 | |
NaCl, Sodium chloride | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | S5886 | BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥99% |
NiSO4, Nickel(II) sulfate | Merck, Sigma-Aldrich | 656895 | For saturating NTA sites; added during the blocking process |
Penicillin Streptomycin [+]10,000 units Penicillin; [+] 10,000 µg/mL Streptomycin | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 15140-122 | |
Phosphate Buffered Saline pH 7.4, sterile | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 10010 | No Ca2+ or Mg2+ added |
Polyethersulfone (PES) Filter unit | Thermo Scientific Nalgene | UY-06730-43 | Hydrophilic PES membrane with low protein binding facilitates the filtering of solutions with high protein content |
PURESHIELD argon ISO 14175-I1-Ar | BOC Ltd. | 11-Y | For the protection of lipid stocks stored at +4 ºC. |
Purified Streptavidin | BioLegend | 280302 | |
Quantum Alexa Fluor 488 MESF beads | Bangs Laboratories Inc. | 488 | Benchmark beads for the interpolation of Alexa Fluor 488 molecules bound to cells and/or BSLB |
Quantum Alexa Fluor 647 MESF beads | Bangs Laboratories Inc. | 647 | Benchmark beads for the interpolation of Alexa Fluor 647 molecules bound to cells and/or BSLB |
Rat anti-mouse IgG Kappa Light Chain, clone OX-20 | ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen | SA1-25258 | Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) |
Recombinant human IL-2 | Peprotech | 200-02-1MG | |
RMPI Medium 1640 (1x); [-] L-Glutamine | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 31870-025 | |
Rosette Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail | STEMCELL Technologies | 15064 | Isolation of B cells for measuring densities of proteins in purified cell populations |
Rosette Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail | STEMCELL Technologies | 15022C.1 | |
Rosette Human CD4+CD127low T Cell Enrichment Cocktail | STEMCELL Technologies | 15361 | Pre-enrichment of CD4+ CD127Low T cells for the downstream isolation of Tregs by FACS. |
Rosette Human CD8+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail | STEMCELL Technologies | 15063 | |
RPMI Medium 1640 (1x); [-] Phenol Red | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 11835-063 | For the incubation (co-culturing) of BSLB and cells in the absence of CO2. Phenol red-free media reduces the autofluorescence of cells in flow cytometry and microscopy based measurements. |
Sodium Pyruvate (100 mM) | ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco | 11360-070 | |
Sprout mini centrifuge | FisherScientific, Heathrow Scientific LLC | 120301 | Benchtop microcentrifuge used to wash silica beads and BSLB in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes. |
Sterile cappeed 5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tubes | Falcon | 352058 | |
UltraComp eBeads Compensation Beads | ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen | 01-2222-42 | |
Zeba Spin Desalting Columns 7K MWCO | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ | 89882 |