概要

制备珠状支持脂质双分子层研究T细胞免疫突触的颗粒输出

Published: April 01, 2022
doi:

概要

在这里,我们提出了使用珠子支持的脂质双分子层逐步重建合成抗原呈递细胞的方案,以及它们用于询问活化T细胞的突触输出。

Abstract

抗原呈递细胞(APC)向参与物理接触的T细胞提供三种激活信号:1)抗原,2)共刺激/共压,以及3)可溶性细胞因子。T细胞释放两种效应粒子响应于激活:跨突触囊泡(tSV)和超分子攻击粒子,它们分别转移细胞间信使和介导细胞毒性。这些实体被与T细胞进行物理接触的APC迅速内化,使其表征令人生畏。本文提出了制造和使用珠状支持脂质双分子层(BSLBs)作为抗原呈递细胞(APC)模拟物以捕获和分析这些反突触颗粒的方案。还描述了用于绝对测量细胞表面蛋白质密度的方案,具有这种生理水平的BSLBs的重建以及用于跟踪T细胞释放突触颗粒的流式细胞术程序。该协议可用于研究单个蛋白质,复杂配体混合物,病原体毒力决定因素和药物对T细胞效应输出的影响,包括辅助性T细胞,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,调节性T细胞和嵌合抗原受体表达T细胞(CART)。

Introduction

免疫突触(IS)是在从事物理接触的细胞界面处形成的关键分子结构,其促进并列素信息的调节交换。文献中已经描述了不同的智能体,越来越多的证据表明这些分子集线器是蜂窝网络的保守特征。各种免疫细胞,包括B细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和T细胞,通过短寿命接触的组装来交换信息1。多组学研究正在推进对驱动致病性细胞网络并表达具有未知功能的表面蛋白的白细胞和基质细胞的新亚群的理解。作为合成的APC,BSLB允许直接研究单个蛋白质在T细胞整合激活信号(即抗原和共刺激/共压)中的功能作用,以及由此产生的效应颗粒的释放,称为信号四。

本文描述了在使用BSLB模拟模型APC的表面组成时要考虑的协议和关键技术要点。提出了用于定量测量APC上免疫受体和其他表面蛋白的方案以及用于重建含有这些测量量的合成APC的方案。然后,提出共培养T细胞和BSLB所需的步骤以及使用流式细胞术定量测量跨突触颗粒转移的方案。最值得注意的是,BSLB有助于研究称为突触外接体(SEs)的质膜衍生的tSV群体。T细胞抗原受体富集(TCR +)SEs响应于TCR触发2而脱落,并被BSLBs3有效捕获,代表了评估抗原和模拟膜组成的激动特性的出色读数。CD63 +外泌体和超分子攻击颗粒(SMAP)也被刺激的T细胞释放并被BSLBs捕获。它们可以用作激活的额外读数以及T细胞分泌的外细胞和裂解颗粒。外细胞囊泡向T细胞相互作用极的动员也有助于细胞因子的定向释放,例如IL-2,IFN-γ和IL-10响应于激活45678。虽然T细胞释放的细胞因子也可以在BSLBs上检测到,但目前正在开发一项更专门的研究,以验证免疫突触中细胞因子释放的定量分析。

为了询问特定的膜组成如何影响T细胞的突触输出,需要定义靶膜组分的生理密度。基于流式细胞术的细胞表面蛋白定量是该方案中必不可少的步骤,需要:1)使用每个抗体具有已知荧光染料数(F / P)的抗体,以及2)基准微球,为从测量的平均荧光强度(MFI)插值荧光染料分子提供标准参考。

这些基准标准品由五个微球群体组成,每个微球群体包含越来越多的等效可溶性荧光染料(MESF),这些荧光素跨越任意荧光检测的动态范围。这些标准群体产生离散的荧光峰,有助于通过简单的线性回归将任意荧光单元转换为MESF。然后将得到的MESF与抗体F / P值一起使用,以计算每个细胞(或后续步骤中的BSLB)结合分子的平均数量。将估计的细胞表面积应用于检测到的分子的平均数量,然后能够将生理密度计算为分子/ μm2。该定量方案还可以适用于测量T细胞上的蛋白质密度和介导同型T细胞突触(即T-T突触9)形成的膜组合物的生化重建。如果需要,可以通过使用标记每个分子已知数量的荧光色素的重组靶标来进一步估计抗体结合的效价。然后,通过同时比较结合的荧光蛋白和定量抗体的数量(使用两种不同的定量荧光染料和MESF标准品),可以计算同一BSLB群体的抗体结合价。

APC膜的重构需要在硅微珠上组装支撑的脂质双分子层(SLB)1。可以利用含有不同磷脂物种的脂质体储液形成多功能脂质 – 双层基质,从而能够锚定具有不同结合化学性质的重组蛋白(脂质体的制备详见 10)。一旦定义了”细胞上”相关配体的生理密度(或密度),就可以使用相同的流式细胞术方案来估计涂覆具有目标生理密度的BSLBs所需的重组蛋白的浓度。两种不同的锚固系统可以组合使用,也可以单独使用。

首先,含有最终12.5摩尔%的含Ni2 +磷脂的SLB足以提供每平方微米约10,000个His标签结合位点10 ,并且能够很好地用大多数市售蛋白质装饰BSLB,其生理密度不超过此最大负载能力。第二种负载系统利用含生物素的磷脂(以摩尔为单位)通过链霉亲和素桥加载生物素化的抗CD3e Fab(或HLA / MHC单体)。这两种BSLB装饰方法的结合使得BSLB能够灵活地定制为合成APC。对于高度复杂的APC表面组合物,磷脂和蛋白质的摩尔%可以增加,以加载手头问题所需的尽可能多的蛋白质。一旦定义了蛋白质的工作浓度和生物素化磷脂的摩尔%,就可以组装BSLB以使用多参数流式细胞术询问T细胞的突触输出。

Protocol

1. 使用定量流式细胞术测量细胞表面蛋白密度 通过将EDTA(至最终2mM浓度)和人AB血清(至最终10%)加入无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS),pH 7.4(见 表1),制备0.22μm过滤的人流式细胞术缓冲液(hFCB)。使用0.22μm孔过滤装置过滤溶液以除去血清杂质并储存在4°C。 回收细胞并通过在室温(RT)下以300× g 离心5分钟来沉淀它们。 用PBS洗涤细胞两次。?…

Representative Results

FCM用于细胞表面的绝对蛋白质定量BSLB的重构呈现配体的生理密度需要估计建模细胞亚群上的总蛋白质密度。为了重建BSLBs,包括任何预计在目标信号传导轴中起作用的相关配体以及支持BSLB与细胞之间粘附和功能相互作用的蛋白质,例如ICAM-1和共刺激分子,例如CD40,CD58和B7受体(CD80和CD86)。根据手头的问题,可以添加其他蛋白质,包括COSL3,PD-L1和PD-L215等共刺激?…

Discussion

BSLB是用于研究用APC型膜刺激的T细胞的颗粒输出的多功能工具。该方法的灵活性允许重建复杂和还原剂膜组合物,以研究配体及其信号对tSV和超分子攻击颗粒及其组分的分泌的影响。我们已经在各种T细胞上测试了这项技术,包括预活化的TH,CTL,Tregs和CART15。该协议还适用于测量新鲜分离和静止的T细胞的突触颗粒释放。使用新鲜分离的T细胞的一个局限性是,这些静止的群体产生?…

開示

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢我们的实验室成员和肯尼迪风湿病研究所社区的建设性科学讨论,特别是我们的流式细胞术设施经理Jonathan Webber。这项工作由惠康信托基金会首席研究奖学金100262Z / 12 / Z,ERC高级资助(SYNECT AdG 670930)和肯尼迪风湿病研究信托基金(KTRR)资助(三者都给MLD)。PFCD得到了EMBO长期奖学金(ALTF 1420-2015,与欧盟委员会(LTFCOFUND2013,GA-2013-609409)和Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions)以及牛津 – 布里斯托尔迈尔斯施贵宝奖学金的支持。

Materials

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid)succinyl] (nickel salt) Avanti Polar Lipids 790404C-25mg 18:1 DGS-NTA(Ni) in chloroform

PIPETMAN L Multichannel P8x200L, 20-200 µL
Gilson FA10011
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Avanti Polar Lipids 850375C-25mg  18:1 (Δ9-Cis) PC (DOPC) in chloroform
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 390 ATTO-TEC AD 390-165 DOPE ATTO 390
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 488 ATTO-TEC AD 488-165 DOPE ATTO 488
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) ATTO 565 ATTO-TEC AD 565-165 DOPE ATTO 565
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(cap biotinyl) (sodium salt) Avanti Polar Lipids 870273C-25mg 18:1 Biotinyl Cap PE in chloroform
200 µL yellow tips 10 x 96 Tips, Stack Starlab S1111-0206
5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tubes Falcon® 352052
5.00 ± 0.05 µm non-functionalized silica beads Bangs Laboratories Inc. SS05003
96 Well Cell Cultture Plate U-bottom with Lid, Tissue culture treated, non-pyrogenic. Costar® 3799 For FCM staining and co-culture of BSLB and cells.
96 Well Cell Cultture Plate V-bottom with Lid, Tissue culture treated, non-pyrogenic. Costar® 3894 For FCM staining of cells or beads in suspension.
Alexa Fluor 488 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ A20000
Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester) Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ A37573 and A20006
Allegra X-12R Centrifuge Beckman Coulter For normal in tube staining of biological samples for FCM
Aluminum Foil Any brand For protecting cells and BSLBs from light
anti-human CD154 (CD40L), clone 24-31 BioLegend 310815 and 310818 Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively.
anti-human CD185 (CXCR5) Brilliant Violet 711, clone J252D4 BioLegend 356934 For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E
anti-human CD19 Brilliant Violet 421, clone HIB19 BioLegend 302234 For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E
anti-human CD2, clone RPA-2.10 BioLegend 300202 Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD2, clone TS1/8 BioLegend 309218 Brilliant Violet 421 conjugate.
anti-human CD252 (OX40L), clone 11C3.1 BioLegend Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD28, clone CD28.2 eBioscience 16-0289-85 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD317 (BST2, PDCA-1), clone 26F8 ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen 53-3179-42 Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate, we found this clone to be cleaner than clone RS38E.
anti-human CD38, clone HB-7 BioLegend 356624 Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate
anti-human CD38, clone HIT2 BioLegend 303514 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD39, clone A1 BioLegend Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD4 Brilliant Violet 650, clone OKT4 BioLegend 317436 For quantitative FCM analysis of tonsillar cells as shown in Fig. 1E
anti-human CD4, clone A161A1 BioLegend 357414 and 357421 PerCP/Cyanine5.5 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively
anti-human CD4, clone OKT4 BioLegend 317414 and 317422 PE/Cy7 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively
anti-human CD40, clone 5C3 BioLegend 334304 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD40, clone G28.5 BioLegend Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD45, clone HI30 BioLegend 304056 and 368516 Alexa Fluor 647 and APC/Cy7 conjugates
anti-human CD47, clone CC2C6 BioLegend 323118 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD54 (ICAM-1), clone HCD54 BioLegend 322702 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD63 (LAMP-3), clone H5C6 BioLegend 353020 and 353015 PerCP/Cyanine5.5 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively
anti-human CD73, clone AD2 BioLegend 344002 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human CD80, clone 2D10 BioLegend 305216 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD81, clone 5A6 BioLegend 349512 and 349502 PE/Cy7 conjugate and labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester), respectively.
anti-human CD82, clone ASL-24 BioLegend 342108 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD86, clone IT2.2 BioLegend 305416 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human CD8a, clone HIT8a BioLegend 300920 Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate
anti-human CD8a, clone SK1 BioLegend 344724 Alexa Fluor 700 conjugate
anti-human HLA-A/B/C/E, clone w6/32 BioLegend 311414 and 311402 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate and Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human HLA-DR, clone L243 BioLegend 307656 and 307622 Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively.
anti-human ICAM-1, clone HCD54 BioLegend 322702 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human ICOS, clone C398.4A BioLegend 313516 Armenian Hamster IgG
anti-human ICOSL, clone MIH12 BioLegend 329611 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human ICOSL, clone MIH12 eBioscience 16-5889-82 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human LFA-1, clone TS1/22 BioLegend Produced in house Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human OX40, clone Ber-ACT35 (ACT35) BioLegend 350018 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human PD-1 , clone EH12.2H7 BioLegend 135230 and 329902 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate and Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human PD-L1, clone 29E.2A3 BioLegend 329702 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human PD-L2, clone 24F.10C12 BioLegend 329611 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
anti-human PD-L2, clone MIH18 BioLegend 345502 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
anti-human TCRab, clone IP26 BioLegend 306712 and 306714 Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates, respectively.
antti-human CD156c (ADAM10), clone SHM14 BioLegend 352702
antti-human CD317 (BST2, Tetherin), clone RS38E BioLegend 348404 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
Armenian Hamster IgG Alexa Fluor 647 Isotype control, clone HTK888 BioLegend 400902 Labelled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
BD Cytometer Setup and Tracking beads Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) 641319 Performance track of instruments before quantitative FCM
BD FACSDiva Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) 23-14523-00 Acquisition software
Bovine Seum Albumin Merck, Sigma-Aldrich A3294
CaCl2, Calcium chloride Merck, Sigma-Aldrich C5670 anhydrous, BioReagent, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥96.0%
Casein from bovine milk, suitable for substrate for protein kinase (after dephosphorylation), purified powder Merck, Sigma-Aldrich C5890
Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 11132D
DynaMag-2 ThermoFisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ 12321D For the removal of Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 in volumes less than 2 mL
DynaMag™-15 ThermoFisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ 12301D For the removal of Dynabeads™ Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 in volumes less than 15 mL
Fetal Bovine Serum Qualified, One Shot ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco A3160801 Needs heat inactivation for 30 min at 56 oC
Ficoll-Paque PLUS Cytiva, GE Healthcare GE17-1440-02 Sterile solution of polysaccharide and sodium diatrizoate for lymphocyte isolation
Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 780 eBiosciences 65-0865-14 For the exclusion of dead cells during analyses
FlowJo Becton Dickinson & Company (BD) Version 10.7.1 Analysis software
Grant Bio MPS-1 Multi Plate Shaker Keison Products MPS-1 For the mixing of either cells during stainings or BSLBs during staning or protein loading (as an alternative to orbital agitation)
HEPES Buffer Solution (1 M) ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 15630-056
HEPES, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid. Merck, Sigma-Aldrich H4034 For preparation of HBS/HAS or HBS/BSA buffer. BioPerformance Certified, ≥99.5% (titration), suitable for cell culture
HERACell 150i CO2 incubator, 150 L, Electropolished Stainless Steel ThermoFisher Scientific 51026282 For culturing and expanding purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Hula Mixer® Sample Mixer ThermoFisher Scientific, Life Technologies 15920D Vertical, variable-angle laboratory mixer used for the mixing of BSLBs and lipid master mix, blocking solutions, protein master mix and small scale antibody stainings.
Human Serum Albumin, 30% aqueous solution Merck, Sigma-Aldrich 12667-M
Human TruStain FcX Fc Receptor Blocking Solution BioLegend 422302 Fc Receptor Blocking Solution for blocking of Fc Receptors from biologically relevant samples
Innovatis CASY cell counter and analyzer TT Biovendis Products GmbH For the counting of cells and the determination of cell size and volume based on the exclusion of electric current.
KCl, Potassium chloride Merck, Sigma-Aldrich P5405 Powder, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
L-Glutamine 200 mM (100x) ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 25030-024
MgCl2, Magessium chloride Merck, Sigma-Aldrich M2393 BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
Microtube Insert for 24 x 1.5/2.0 mL tubes Keison Products P-2-24 Microtube insert for Grant Bio MPS-1 Multi Plate Shaker
Mini Incubator Labnet International  I5110A-230V For the incubation (co-culturing) of BSLB and cells in the absence of CO2
Minimum Essential Medium Non-Essential Amino Acids ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 11140-035
Mouse IgG polyclonal antibody control Merck, Sigma-Aldrich PP54 Used as positive control for the measurement of antibodies bound to mouse IgG capture bead standards
Mouse IgG1, k Isotype, clone MOPC-21 BioLegend 400129, 400112, 400130, 400144, 400128 and 400170 Alexa Fluor 488, PE, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 700, APC/Cyanine7 and Brilliant Violet 785  conjugates, respectively.
Mouse IgG1, k Isotype, clone X40 Becton Dickinson & Company (BD), Horizon 562438 Brilliant Violet 421 conjugate.
Mouse IgG1, κ Isotype control, clone P3.6.2.8.1 eBioscience 14-4714-82 Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
Mouse IgG2a, k Isotype, clone MOPC-173 BioLegend 400240 Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate
Mouse IgG2b, k Isotype, clone MPC-11 BioLegend 400330 and 400355 Alexa Fluor 647 and Brilliant Violet 785 conjugates, respectively
Multiwell 6 well Tissue culture treated with vacuum gas plasma Falcon 353046 For culturing and expanding purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Na2HPO4, Disodium Phosphate Merck, Sigma-Aldrich S7907
NaCl, Sodium chloride Merck, Sigma-Aldrich S5886 BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥99%
NiSO4, Nickel(II) sulfate Merck, Sigma-Aldrich 656895 For saturating NTA sites; added during the blocking process
Penicillin Streptomycin [+]10,000 units Penicillin; [+] 10,000 µg/mL Streptomycin ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 15140-122
Phosphate Buffered Saline pH 7.4, sterile ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 10010 No Ca2+ or Mg2+ added
Polyethersulfone (PES) Filter unit Thermo Scientific Nalgene  UY-06730-43 Hydrophilic PES membrane with low protein binding facilitates the filtering of solutions with high protein content
PURESHIELD argon ISO 14175-I1-Ar BOC Ltd. 11-Y For the protection of lipid stocks stored at +4 ºC.
Purified Streptavidin BioLegend 280302
Quantum Alexa Fluor 488 MESF beads Bangs Laboratories Inc. 488 Benchmark beads for the interpolation of Alexa Fluor 488 molecules bound to cells and/or BSLB
Quantum Alexa Fluor 647 MESF beads Bangs Laboratories Inc. 647 Benchmark beads for the interpolation of Alexa Fluor 647 molecules bound to cells and/or BSLB
Rat anti-mouse IgG Kappa Light Chain, clone OX-20 ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen SA1-25258 Labeled in house with Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)
Recombinant human IL-2 Peprotech 200-02-1MG
RMPI Medium 1640 (1x); [-] L-Glutamine ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 31870-025
Rosette Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail STEMCELL Technologies 15064 Isolation of B cells for measuring densities of proteins in purified cell populations
Rosette Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail STEMCELL Technologies 15022C.1
Rosette Human CD4+CD127low T Cell Enrichment Cocktail STEMCELL Technologies 15361 Pre-enrichment of CD4+ CD127Low T cells for the downstream isolation of Tregs by FACS.
Rosette Human CD8+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail STEMCELL Technologies 15063
RPMI Medium 1640 (1x); [-] Phenol Red ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 11835-063 For the incubation (co-culturing) of BSLB and cells in the absence of CO2. Phenol red-free media reduces the autofluorescence of cells in flow cytometry and microscopy based measurements.
Sodium Pyruvate (100 mM) ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco 11360-070
Sprout mini centrifuge FisherScientific, Heathrow Scientific LLC 120301 Benchtop microcentrifuge used to wash silica beads and BSLB in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes.
Sterile cappeed 5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tubes Falcon 352058
UltraComp eBeads Compensation Beads ThermoFisher Scientific, invitrogen 01-2222-42
Zeba Spin Desalting Columns 7K MWCO Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen™ 89882

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記事を引用
Céspedes, P. F., Dustin, M. L. Preparation of Bead-supported Lipid Bilayers to Study the Particulate Output of T Cell Immune Synapses. J. Vis. Exp. (182), e63130, doi:10.3791/63130 (2022).

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