评估环境和遗传因素对鹿茸和长寿命的鹿的身体生长的相对影响的议定书 》
概要
鹿族群间的表型差异可能涉及人口水平遗传学或营养;雪亮的很难在野外。此协议说明我们如何设计消除营养成分变化了对照的研究。我们发现，雄性白尾鹿的表型变异更受到限制营养比遗传学。
Abstract
鹿表型可以放入两个类别之一： 效率，促进生存在奢侈的形态生长和促进增长的大型武器装备和身体大小的奢侈品。同一物种的种群显示每个表型取决于环境条件。虽然鹿茸和身体大小的雄性白尾鹿 （Odocoileus 鹑） 因在密西西比州，美国的地理区域而异，与营养品质的区域变化密切相关，不能无视人口水平遗传学从本机股票和以前重新进货努力的影响。此协议说明我们如何设计在哪里控制影响表型，如年龄和营养，其他因素的对照的研究。我们从三个明显的地理区域，在密西西比州，美国密西西比州大学生锈道金斯纪念鹿单位到带野外捕捉的怀孕雌兽和六个月岁幼鹿。鹿从同一区域是被培养来生产一二代的后代，使我们能够评估代反应及孕产妇的影响。所有的鹿吃了相同的高质量 （20%粗蛋白鹿丸） 饮食随意。我们唯一标记每个新生儿，并记录身体质量，后腿脚和身体总长度。每个后续的秋天，我们个人通过远程注射镇静剂和采样的同一补益，加上成年人的鹿角。我们发现所有合肥工业大学都增加的大小从第一到二代，与全额赔偿的鹿茸大小 （区域变化不再存在） 和体重 （区域变化一些证据） 明显在二代的部分补偿。二代源于我们贫穷的质量的男性土壤区域显示有关鹿茸大小增加了 40%和体重时与他们野生的收获相比增加了 25%。我们的结果表明，表型变异的野生雄性白尾鹿在密西西比州更涉及营养质量的差异，比人口水平遗传学。
Introduction
一位母亲在妊娠期和哺乳经验的环境因素可能会影响她的后代的表型，基因型1，，23的独立。母亲居住高质量环境可能会产生的后代表现出豪华表型 (大鹿角和身体大小4)，而母亲居住在低质量环境可能产生的后代表现出效率 (小鹿角和身体大小4) 表型。因此，坚持高质量的环境可能让母亲产下的后代以大的表型特征，可能直接影响到后代的生殖机会5，，67，8和间接影响母亲的包容性健身。
虽然营养直接影响表型特征跨分类群 （美洲黑熊，熊9;Liasis fuscusI10;黑 michahellis11)，几个因素可能会影响白尾鹿表型在密西西比州，美国。鹿茸和体型都大为一些人口约三分之一的人比较12。这种变化强烈关联与牧草质量13，14;最大的男性发现在区域与最优质的饲料。然而，白尾鹿在密西西比州的历史恢复努力可能导致遗传瓶颈和 （或） 创始人影响15，16，这也部分解释一些中白尾鹿表型观察区域的变化。
我们提供我们用来控制营养品质的野生白尾鹿，使我们能够评估是否男性表型受人口水平遗传学的协议。此协议还允许我们评估是否落后母体效应在我们人口在场。我们控制的设计是优惠到土著居民免费测距仅限于为营养限制3，17作为代理使用环境变量进行研究。我们控制的设计还允许其他变量如潜力慢性压力有关社会的相互作用，如所有个人都遭受相似的住房和畜牧业做法保持恒定不变。此外，因为营养直接影响其他生活史方面从繁殖到生存18，19，控制营养允许调查人员评估影响哺乳动物生活史方面的其他变量。介绍了类似的协议，以评估 （例如， 20，21） 在北美与其他有蹄类动物的生活史方面有关的问题。
Protocol
Ethics Statement: The Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all capture, handling, and marking techniques under protocols 04-068, 07-036, 10-033 and 13-034. 1. Establish Capture Sites, Immobilize and Transport wild White-tailed Deer Identify public and private properties that are enrolled in the Deer Management Assistance Program22 and establish ≥29 capture sites throughout three source regions in Mississippi, USA.</stron…
Representative Results
个人年龄、 营养品质和遗传学影响雄性白尾鹿表型。我们允许我们的研究设计的营养鹿质量控制消耗和使我们能够识别每个鹿进行有效比较内年班的年龄。通过控制营养和年龄与我们的研究设计，我们得以更好地理解人口水平遗传学是否限制了从两个研究群体表型的男性。改善营养状况对 3.5 岁雄性白尾鹿从每个源区域作为代表由我们代变量 (表 1; 显著疗效?…
Discussion
有几个步骤与我们的协议;然而，有必须采取确保与本议定书的成功的四个关键步骤。第一，期间捕获的野鹿，必须有几个捕获地点 （步骤 1.1.1） 单一来源地区。有多个捕获位置可确保鹿表示任何与源区域关联的遗传变异性。第二，鹿必须保持分离的源区在繁殖季节 （1.4.9 和 5.2.1 的步骤）。确保动物被隔开源区域在繁殖期间限制鹿育种只有与其他鹿从他们相同的源区。正在能够唯一地标识每个?…
開示
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
我们感谢密西西比州野生动物部门、 渔业和公园 (MDWFP) 在野生动物恢复法 (W-48-61) 中使用从联邦援助资源的金融支持。我们感谢 MDWFP 生物学家 · 麦金利、 A.Blaylock、 A.Gary L.维尔夫为它们广泛参与了数据集合中。我们还感谢美国塔克作为设施协调员和多个研究生和技术人员对他们的帮助下收集数据。这份手稿是密西西比州大学森林和野生动物研究中心贡献 WFA427。
Materials
| Shelled Corn | |||
| Elevated Stand | |||
| Safety Harness | |||
| Ground Blind | |||
| Model 196 Projector | Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA | ||
| 3cc Radio-Telemetry Darts | (Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA) | ||
| Various Sized Darts | (Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA) | ||
| Teletamine HCl | (Telazol, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA) | ||
| Xylazine HCl | (West Texas Rx Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, USA) | ||
| Yhoimbine HCl | |||
| Tolazoline HCl | |||
| Military Style Gurney | |||
| Rectal Thermometer | |||
| Shade Cloth | |||
| 20% Crude Protein Deer Pellets | (Purina AntlerMax Professional High Energy Breeder 59UB, Purina, Missouri, USA) | ||
| Trough Style Feeders | |||
| Commercial Clover | (Durana Clover, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA) | ||
| Commercial Fescue | (Max-Q Fescue, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA) | ||
| Blankets | |||
| Ice Packs | |||
| Broadleaf Weed Control (2, 4-DB Herbacide, Butyrac 200) | |||
| Grass Control | (Poast Herbacide, BASF Co.) | ||
| Pelleted Wormer | Safeguard Co., | active ingredient fenbendazole | |
| Parasite Pour-on Treatment | (Ivomec, Merial Co.) | ||
| Insecticide | Riptide, McLaughlin Gormley King Co.) | ||
| Medium and Large Plastic Ear Tags | (Allflex, Texas, USA) | ||
| Remote site that assigned parentage | DNA Solutions Animal Solutions Manager (DNA Solutions, Oklahoma, USA) | ||
| Digital Hanging Scale | (Moultrie, EBSCO Industries, Inc.) | ||
| Tape Measure | |||
| Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Toxoid Essential 3 | (Colorado Serum Co.) | ||
| Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Antitoxin Equine Origin | (Colorado Serum Co.) | ||
| Ivermectin in propylene glycol | |||
| Antibiotic | (Nuflor, Schuering-Plough Animal Health Corp., New Jersey, USA) | ||
| Ivermectin | (Norbrook Labratories, LTD., Down, Northern Ireland, UK) | ||
| Clostidrial vaccine | (Vision 7 with SPUR, Ivesco LLC, Iowa, USA) | ||
| Leptospirosis vaccine | (Leptoferm-5, Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA) | ||
| Trailer for transport | |||
| Reciprocating saw | (DEWALT, Maryland, USA) | ||
| Scientific Digital Scale | (Global Industrail, Global Equipment Company Inc) | ||
| Antler Measuring Tape | |||
| Fogger | |||
| Plastic Ear Tags | (Allflex, Texas, USA) | ||
| Plastic Ear Tagger | (Allflex, Texas, USA) |
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