Protocol for the Synthesis of <em>Ortho</em>-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Pengju Feng; Ming-Yu Ngai

doi:10.3791/53789

JoVE Journal > Chemistry

化学

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published: January 19, 2016

doi:

10.3791/53789

Pengju Feng^1,2, Ming-Yu Ngai^1,2

¹化学科,State University of New York at Stony Brook, ²Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery,State University of New York at Stony Brook

概要

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF₃-migration is reported.

Abstract

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF₃) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated aromatic compounds remains a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. Conventional approaches often suffer from poor substrate scope, or require use of highly toxic, difficult-to-handle, and/or thermally labile reagents. Herein, we report a user-friendly protocol for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate using 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Togni reagent II). Treating methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) with Togni reagent II in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃) in chloroform at RT afforded methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a). This intermediate was then converted to the final product methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in nitromethane at 120 °C. This procedure is general and can be applied to the synthesis of a broad spectrum of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives, which could serve as useful synthetic building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.

Introduction

The trifluoromethoxy (OCF₃) group has made a profound impact on life and materials science research since the first synthesis of trifluoromethyl ether in 1935.² Due to its unique combination of high electronegativity (χ = 3.7)³ and excellent lipophilicity (Π_x = 1.04),⁴ the trifluoromethoxy group has found broad applications in medicine, agriculture, and materials industry.^5-10 However, facile introduction of the OCF₃ group into organic molecules, especially aromatic compounds, remains a major challenge in synthetic chemistry.

Over the last few decades, efforts to address this challenge led to the development of a handful of transformations for the synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated arenes.^5-7,9-11 These include (i) chlorine/fluorine exchange on trichlorinated precursors;^1,12-17 (ii) deoxyfluorination of fluoroformates;¹⁸ (iii) oxidative fluorodesulfurization;^19-21 (iv) electrophilic trifluoromethylation of alcohols;^22-25 (v) nucleophilic trifluoromethoxylation;^26-30, (vi) transition metal-mediated trifluoromethoxylation of aryl borates and stannanes;³¹ and (vii) radical trifluoromethoxylation.^32,33 Nevertheless, many of these approaches either suffer from poor substrate scope or require use of highly toxic and/or thermally labile reagents. Therefore, due to the lack of a general and user-friendly method to synthesize OCF₃-containing compounds, the potential of the OCF₃ group has not been fully exploited in chemistry.

As part of our interest in trifluoromethoxylation reactions,³⁴ we describe herein a two-step protocol (i.e., radical O-trifluoromethylation and thermally induced OCF₃-migration) for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) from methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a). The strategy is easy-to-operate and applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives.

Protocol

1. Precursor Preparation: Synthesis of Methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a)

Reduction of methyl 4-nitrobenzoate.
1. Add 5.00 g of methyl 4-nitrobenzoate (27.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 159 mg of 5% Rhodium on carbon (Rh/C, 0.300 mol% Rh), and a magnetic stir-bar into an oven-dried 250 ml two-neck round-bottom flask (dried at 150 °C for 18 hr).
  NOTE: Reagents can be weighed out under ambient atmosphere. However, the reaction needs to be carried out under nitrogen atmosphere.
2. Connect one neck of the flask to a nitrogen/vacuum manifold and cap the other neck with a septum. Perform three vacuum-refill cycles (i.e., pumping the air out of the flask and replacing the resulting vacuum with nitrogen gas) to replace the air in the flask with nitrogen gas.
3. Add 138 ml anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 0.200 M) to the reaction flask using airtight syringe. Cool and stir the reaction mixture at 0 °C for 15 min.
4. Add 1.47 ml of hydrazine monohydrate (1.52 g, 30.4 mmol, 1.20 equiv) dropwise to the reaction mixture at 0 °C using an airtight syringe. Monitor the reaction using a thin layer chromatography (TLC). Use hexanes:ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (4:1 v/v, R_f = 0.23) as an eluent to develop the TLC.
5. When methyl 4-nitrobenzoate is completely consumed, filter the reaction mixture through a short pad of diatomaceous earth (i.e., Celite, 5 g) in a 60 ml frit Buchner funnel using vacuum filtration. Wash the filter with EtOAc (20 ml x 3 times). Concentrate the filtrate in vacuo using a rotary evaporator to afford the crude methyl 4-(N-hydroxyamino)benzoate, which is used directly without further purification.
Acetyl protection of methyl 4-(N-hydroxyamino)benzoate
1. Add 2.55 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃, 30.4 mmol, 1.20 equiv), all the crude methyl 4-(N-hydroxyamino)benzoate obtained from the previous step, and a stir-bar into an oven-dried 500 ml two-neck round-bottom flask.
2. Cap one neck with a septum and connect another neck to a nitrogen/vacuum manifold. Perform three vacuum-refill cycles to replace the air in the flask with nitrogen gas.
3. Add 138 ml anhydrous diethyl ether (Et₂O, 0.200 M) to the reaction flask using an airtight syringe. Cool and stir the reaction mixture at 0 °C for 15 min.
4. Prepare a solution of acetyl chloride (2.17 ml, 2.39 g, 30.4 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in anhydrous Et₂O (138 ml, 0.220 M). Add the solution to the reaction mixture at 0 °C using a syringe pump at a rate of 10.0 ml/hr.
5. At the end of the addition, filter the reaction mixture through a short pad of diatomaceous earth (i.e., Celite, 5 g) in 60 ml frit Buchner funnel using vacuum filtration. Wash the filter with EtOAc (20 ml x 3 times). Concentrate the filtrate in vacuo using a rotary evaporator.
6. Purify the crude product with flash column chromatography³⁵ eluting with hexanes:EtOAc (4:1 to 1:1 (v/v)) (R_f = 0.13, hexanes:EtOAc (4:1 (v/v)) to afford 5.31 g of methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate as a light yellow solid (25.4 mmol, 92% yield).

2. Synthesis of Methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a)

Add 2.00 g of methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido) benzoate (1a) (9.56 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 311 mg of Cs₂CO₃ (0.956 mmol, 10.0 mol%), 3.63 g of Togni reagent II (11.5 mmol, 1.20 equiv), and a magnetic stir-bar into an oven-dried 250 ml round-bottom flask inside a glovebox (nitrogen atmosphere).
NOTE: This reaction can also be performed using Schlenk techniques outside the glovebox.
Caution: Pure Togni reagent II is impact and friction sensitive, open flames, sparks, and/or grinding should be avoided. Soft and polished tools should be used for manipulations. In addition, the reaction mixture should be stirred behind a safety shield.³⁶
Add 95.6 ml of dried and degassed chloroform (CHCl₃, 0.100 M) to the reaction flask.
Cap the flask with septum and stir the reaction mixture at 23 °C under N₂ atmosphere either inside or outside of the glovebox for 16 hr.
Filter the reaction mixture through a filter funnel to remove any solid residue. Concentrate the filtrate in vacuo using a rotary evaporator.
Purify the crude product with flash column chromatography eluting with hexanes:dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) (7:3 to 0:1 (v/v)) (R_f = 0.44 (CH₂Cl₂) to afford 2.51 g of methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (9.05 mmol, 95% yield).
NOTE: Togni reagent II is prepared according to the literature procedures³⁷ and stored in the glovebox freezer at -35 °C to maintain its quality over a long period of time. This reaction is oxygen sensitive. Although all the reagents can be weighed out under ambient atmosphere at RT, removal of all oxygen from the reaction flask is critical. Dried and degassed CHCl₃ is prepared by distilling it from CaH₂ under nitrogen atmosphere followed by performing a three cycles of the freeze-pump-thaw procedure.

3. Synthesis of Methyl 4-Acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate via OCF₃-migration (3a)

Add 2.51 g methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (9.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv), a magnetic stir-bar, and 9.05 ml of MeNO₂ (1.00 M) into a 50 ml pressure vessel. Cap the vessel with a screw cap.
Stir the reaction mixture at 120 °C behind the safety shield for 20 hr.
Caution: Impure nitromethane is explosive, so the reaction mixture should be stirred behind the safety shield.
Cool the reaction mixture to RT.
Transfer the reaction mixture to a 100 ml round-bottom flask.
Concentrate the reaction mixture in vacuo using a rotary evaporator.
Purify the crude product with flash column chromatography eluting with hexanes:EtOAc (9:1 to 7:3 (v/v)) (R_f = 0.51 hexanes:EtOAc (4:1 (v/v)) to afford 2.13 g of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (7.69 mmol, 85%).
NOTE: This reaction can be carried out under ambient atmosphere. Nitrogen atmosphere is not required. A round-bottom flask equipped with a water condenser can be used as an alternative reaction apparatus.

4. Characterization of New Products

Characterize all the new compounds by ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectroscopy and use ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy to characterize compounds containing fluorine atoms.³⁴

Representative Results

Methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) was synthesized in 92% isolated yield through a two-step procedure (i.e., reducing methyl 4-nitrobenzoate with hydrazine using 5% Rh/C as a catalyst to form methyl 4-(N-hydroxyamino)benzoate, followed by acetyl protection of the resulting hydroxylamine). O-Trifluoromethylation of 1a with Togni reagent II in the presence of catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃) in chloroform at RT afforded the desired 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a) in 95% isolated yield. This compound underwent thermally induced OCF₃-migration in MeNO₂ at 120 °C to give the desired methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in 85% isolated yield.

The ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of the final product 3a are depicted in Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3, respectively. A distinguish quartet peak at 120.6 ppm with a large coupling constant (258.9 Hz) in ¹³C NMR spectra corresponds to the CF₃ carbon. When the OCF₃-migration takes place, a sharp change in the ¹⁹F NMR from -65 ppm (2a) to -58.1ppm (3a) is observed. The detail characterization data of 3a is reported as follow: R_f = 0.51 (hexanes/EtOAc 4:1 (v/v)). NMR Spectroscopy: ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, δ): 8.56 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.56 (br. s, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, δ): 168.5, 165.6, 137.2, 134.7, 129.3, 125.8, 121.5, 120.8, 120.6 (q, J = 258.9 Hz), 52.5, 25.2. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, δ): -58.1 (s). Mass Spectrometry: HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): calcd for C₁₁H₁₁NO₄F₃ ([M + H]⁺) 278.0640, found 278.0643.

This protocol is general and applicable to a wide array of aromatic compounds (Table 1). The reaction tolerates a broad spectrum of functional groups including ester (3a, 3d), ketone (3b), nitrile (3c), ethers (3e, 3m), halogens (3g – 3l), CF₃ group (3m, 3n), amide (3o) and heterocycle substituent (3o). The halogen substituents, especially Br and I, are particularly useful because they provide synthetic handles for further functionalization. In addition, high levels of ortho– over para-selectivity are observed (3f, 3k – 3l). In the presence of two non-identical ortho positions, low levels of regiocontrol are obtained (3d, 3e, 3k, 3m). Furthermore, the reaction temperature for the OCF₃-migration step depends on the electronic nature of arenes. Generally, more electron deficient arenes require higher reaction temperature.

Figure 1. ¹H NMR spectrum of 3a. Chemical shift and relative integration of characteristic protons are labeled. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2.¹³C NMR spectrum of 3a. Chemical shift of characteristic carbons is labeled. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3.¹⁹F NMR spectrum of 3a. Chemical shift of characteristic fluorine is labeled using trifluorotoluene (-63.3 ppm) as internal reference. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Table 1. Selected examples of trifluoromethoxylation of arenes. Reaction time: 11-48 hr. Cited yields and isomeric ratios are for OCF₃-migration step (from 2 に 3) and of isolated material by flash column chromatography. [a] 50 °C. [b] 120 °C. [c] 140 °C. [d] Less than 5% para-product was detected. THF = Tetrahydrofuran; AcCl = acetyl chloride. Please click here to view a larger version of this table.

Discussion

Due to the lack of a general and user-friendly procedure for the synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated arenes, many OCF₃-containing aromatic compounds are extremely expensive.³⁴ Our strategy displaces a broad functional group tolerance and provides an easy access to various trifluoromethoxylated arenes. These compounds could serve as valuable building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials.

Hydrazine was used as a hydrogen source for the rhodium-catalyzed reduction of nitroarenes. Its quality is one of the keys in obtaining the reduction products in high yields. The reduction yields dropped when a few-month old hydrazine was used. To ensure the reproducibility, we transferred some of the hydrazine from a large commercial bottle to a smaller 20 ml vial and used it from the 20 ml vial. In addition, we stored it in the refrigerator (4 °C) to slow down the rate of decomposition. Moreover, slow addition of hydrazine is crucial in getting clean hydroxylamines in good yields.

The O-trifluoromethylation is a radical mediated process, so exclusion of oxygen from the reaction mixture is critical. Using un-degassed chloroform as the solvent or performing the reaction under ambient atmosphere resulted in lower yield. Our preliminary mechanistic studies shown that the OCF₃-migration process involved thermally induced heterolytic cleavage of the N-OCF₃ bond to generate a tight ion pair of nitrenium ion and trifluoromethoxide.³⁴ Trifluoromethoxide attacks the ortho-position of the nitrenium ion followed by the tautomerization to afford the desired ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives. Formation of the nitrenium ion in electron deficient substrates is energetically disfavored and thus requires higher reaction temperature.

In summary, we reported a general and laboratory scale synthetic protocol for the regioselective synthesis of ortho-OCF₃ aniline derivatives. This strategy has several unique features: (i) a wide range of functional groups and substitution patterns are tolerated; (ii) the operational simplicity of our protocol would render trifluoromethoxylation available to broader synthetic community; and (iii) the final products are novel and could be used as useful synthetic building blocks for life and materials science research. Some troubleshooting procedures are outlined here: (i) store the reduction product, aryl hydroxyl amine, in the freezer or immediately use it for the next step; (ii) monitor the reduction/protection reactions closely with TLC to avoid over reduction of nitroarenes or protection of N-hydroxyamines; (iii) exclusion of oxygen from the reaction mixtures is critical for the reduction of nitroarenes and O-trifluoromethylation; (iv) higher reaction temperature is needed for electron deficient arenes in the intramolecular OCF₃-migration step.

開示

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge generous start-up funds from the State University of New York at Stony Brook in support of this work. We also thank TOSOH F-Tech, Inc. for providing us TMSCF₃ reagent for the synthesis of Togni reagent II.

Materials

5% Rhodium on carbon	Aspira Scientific	300835	5% wt% dry loading
hydrazine monohydrate	Sigma-Alderich	13696HMV	Reagent grade, 98%
Acetyl chloride	Alfa Aesar	10176887	98%
Sodium bicarbonate	Fisher Scientific	134826	Chemical pure
Cesium carbonate	Alfa Aesar	12887	99.9%, metals basis
Togni Reagent II			Prepared according to the literature procedure (ref 37). Caution: Pure Togni reagent II is impact and friction sensitive, treat it with great care (see ref. 36).
Tetrahydrofuran	BDH	BDH1149-4LG	Distilled from deep purple sodium benzophenone ketyl.
Diethyl Ether	Fisher Scientific	148221	Distilled from deep purple sodium benzophenone ketyl.
Chloroform	Fisher Scientific	141739	Dried over CaH₂ and distilled
nitro methane	Alfa Aesar	J03z053	Dried over CaSO₄ and distilled
Silica gel	SILICYCLE	60514	40-63 µm (230-400 mesh)
Cilite	EMD	2012040674	Not acid washed

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Feng, P., Ngai, M. Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives. J. Vis. Exp. (107), e53789, doi:10.3791/53789 (2016).

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives