수산 생명에 일시 중지를 평가하면 퇴적물 효과에 대한 플로우를 통해 노출 시스템
Summary
A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.
Abstract
This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.
Introduction
준설 작업은 항만 및 탐색 채널에서 바닥 퇴적물을 제거하는 기계적인 방법을 사용합니다. 제거하는 동안 방해 침전물의 일부는 잠재적으로이 수생 종에 대한 물리적 스트레스의 소스 만들기, 물 컬럼에 일시 중단됩니다. 정지 될뿐만 아니라, 퇴적물이 물에 열을 밖으로 정착하기 전에 거리 주변 조건에 의해 준설에서 전송 될 수있다. 이 두 메커니즘의 조합이 동작 준 근처 발생하는 수생 생물이 부유 퇴적물에 노출 악영향 고통 될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 우려, 정기적으로 줄이거 나 수자원 1,2에 준설 활동 중단 퇴적물의 유해 영향의 위험을 제거하기 위해 경영 실천으로 사용되는 환경 창 (계절 준설 제한)를 해결하기 위해.
환경 창이 가장 일반적으로 멸종 위기에 처한 보호하기 위해 설립, 위협 또는같은 뿌옇게 흐린 눈 (샌더의 vitreus)와 같은 상업적으로 가치있는 종 동부 굴 (Crassostrea의 virginica) 3. 환경 창을 부과에 대한 지원 정당화는 종종 준설 활동이 잠재적으로 물리적으로 생명 역사의 특정 부분을 완료 (예를 들어, 부유 퇴적물) 동물의 능력을 방해 할 수있는 방법에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 일반적으로 인용 수명 단계는 소하 종 3 오픈 이동 경로를 유지 계란과 애벌레입니다. 그러나, 리스크 관리 도구로 환경 창을 사용하여 통보 할 수 부유 퇴적물 4,5 관련된 종 고유의 생물학적 효과에 관한 제한된 정보가있다.
이러한 이유로 도망 설계, 구축하고, 침전물의 현탁액을 시뮬레이션하고, 수중 생물의 초기 성장 단계에서 그 효과를 확인 하였다. , 연구 세분화 된 퇴적물 입자 (즉, 주로 실트 (silts)를 사용 달아 난다가능성이 가장 높은 점토, 미세 모래는) 서스펜션에 남아 소스에서 멀리를 마이그레이션 할 수 있습니다. 달아 난다는 테스트 생선 계란과 애벌레 할 수 있지만 또한 고유의 기능을하고, 다른 수중 생물을 수용 할 수 있도록 개조 할 수있다. 얻어진 생물학적 반응 데이터는 부유 침전물의 효과를 평가하기 위해 사용될 수있다. 다음 절차는 기술 지어진 각종 수생 종을 반복하여 부유물의 농도 및 효과 데이터를 생성하도록 동작 할 수있는 방법에 대한 개요를 제공한다.
Protocol
척추 동물이 해당 엔지니어 연구 개발 센터 (ERDC) 환경 연구소 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 프로토콜에 따라 수행 된 모든 실험을 달아 난다. 1. 모듈, 물 목욕, 및 수족관을 달아 난다 모듈을 구축하기위한 나무 게시물, 스터드 및 합판을 얻습니다. 연구 목표를 달성 할 기본적인 워크 벤치와 유사한 (수와 크기) 모듈을 구축합니다. 상단과 선반을위한 합판 (0.127 cm)를…
Representative Results
연산 실행하는 일련의 도망 각 수조 (섹션 5.5 및 6.2)에 침전물의 적절한 농도를 제공되도록 실험을 시작하기 전에 수행된다. 그림 6은 NTU 농도가 목표 부유 퇴적물 농도를 달성하기 위해 실험 수족관에서 유지되는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 예에서, 부유물 제안 시험 침전물 분야에서 통상 노광 시뮬레이션 같은 실험 전형적인 노출 시간으로 사흘 동안 유지 될 수…
Discussion
적혀 기술은 자동화 된 컴퓨터 제어 시스템을 사용하여 관리하고 노출 시간의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 정지 퇴적물을 제어하여 기존의 방법과 4,9 부유물 농도를 향상시킨다. 이 기술은 여러 수생 종 및 종류에 따라 성인 계란에서 다양한 크기의 성장 단계에 현탁 침전물의 효과를 평가하기 위해 사용될 수 있다는 유연성 등이다. 향후,이 기술은 잠긴 수생 식물에 부유 퇴적물의 효과를 평가 할 ?…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.
Materials
| Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium | |||
| post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft |
| plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in |
| tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water | Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA | FBT-226 | Quantity: 1 Size: 150-gal |
| chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 5197 | Quantity: 5 Size: 19 L |
| tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria | custom built by ERDC shops | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: custom |
| urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking | Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO | 60A Liquid Urethane | Quantity: 5 Size: epoxy kit |
| pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium | March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA | MDX-3-1/2 115 v | Quantity: 5 Size: 28 liter per min |
| light, LED – installed over water bath | C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA | Hydra 26 | Quantity: 2 Size: based on area to light |
| pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: – Size: 1 in |
| fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines | Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA | R270900 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-36 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in MPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-11 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62043 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62017 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 1/2 in ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 5/8 in ID |
| clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 40 Size: #8 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Slurry System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1-1/2 in |
| pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry | Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK | P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 | Quantity: 1 contact distributor |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank | Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 1 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
| pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 20 ft Size: 1 in |
| pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 10 ft Size: 1 in |
| union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 8 Size: 1/2 in |
| solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry | Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA | EASYMT4V12R24-PV | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC contact distributor |
| fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT |
| fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 7 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in |
| tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 50 ft Size: 1/4" ID |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Water System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1 in |
| pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller | Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA | 3-MD-SC | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/12 hp |
| solenoid, alco – introduce water | discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT |
| fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid to 1/2 in hose | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID |
| fittings, street elbow | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT |
| fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 12 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 6 Size: 1 in PVC |
| fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT |
| fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 4 in long x 1/4 in |
| pipe, PVC – make connections between tank, pump and chiller | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 ft Size: Schedule 40 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software | |||
| software, LabView | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | LabView 2015 Base | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776571-01 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-03 | Quantity: 2 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-02B | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-61 | Quantity: 6 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | N/A – legacy | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A used cards available online |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium | Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 5 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
Riferimenti
- National Research Council (NRC). A process for setting, managing, and monitoring environmental windows for dredging projects. Marine Board, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 262. , (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Kim, J., Clarke, D. G., Linkov, I. A risk-informed decision framework for setting environmental windows for dredging projects. Sci Total Environ. 403, 1-11 (2008).
- Reine, K. J., Dickerson, D. D., Clarke, D. G. Environmental windows associated with dredging operations. DOER Technical Notes Collection. ERDC TN DOER-E2. , (1998).
- Wilber, D. H., Clarke, D. G. Biological effects of suspended sediments: A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with relation to dredging activities in estuaries. N Am J Fish Manag. 21, 855-875 (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, J. U., Clarke, D. G. The effects of suspended sediment on walleye (Sander vitreus) eggs. J. Soils Sediments. 12, 995-1003 (2012).
- Travis, J., Kring, J. . LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun (National Instruments Virtual Instrumentation Series). , (2006).
- Hazardous Waste Test Methods/SW-846 On-line. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Available from: https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-compendium (2016)
- Plumb, R. H. . Procedure for handling and chemical analysis of sediment and water samples, EPA/CE-81-1. , (1981).
- Clarke, D. G., Wilber, D. H. . Assessment of potential impacts of dredging operations due to sediment resuspension. , (2000).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G., Godard-Codding, C., Maul, J. Suspended sediment effects on walleye (Sander vitreus). J. Great Lakes Res. 40, 141-148 (2014).
- Wilkens, J. L., Katzenmeyer, A. W., Hahn, N. M., Hoover, J. J., Suedel, B. C. Laboratory test of suspended sediment effects on short-term survival and swimming performance of juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). J. Appl. Ichthy. 31, 984-990 (2015).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Wilkens, J., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G. The effects of a simulated sediment plume on eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) survival, growth, and condition. Estuaries and Coasts. 38 (2), 578-589 (2015).
- Bilotta, G. S., Brazier, R. E. Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water chemistry and aquatic biota. Water Res. 42, 2849-2861 (2008).
- Reine, K., Clarke, D., Dickerson, C., Pickard, S. Assessment of potential impacts of bucket dredging plumes on walleye spawning habitat in Maumee Bay, Ohio. Proceedings of the 18th World Dredging Congress (WODCON XVIII). , (2007).
Citazione di questo articolo
Suedel, B. C., Wilkens, J. L. A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54937, doi:10.3791/54937 (2017).