薄膜挤出<em>海甘蓝abyssinica</em> /谷朊粉共混物
Summary
从植物油生产海甘蓝abyssinica的侧流限制值。本研究的目的是找出一种挤出基于该侧流材料的方法，这表明较高的产品价值可以生产。发现挤出物具有希望的特性。
Abstract
Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a high-protein crambe meal that has limited value, as it is not fit for food or feed use. However, it contains proteins that could potentially make it a suitable raw material for higher-value products. The purpose of this study was to find methods of making this side stream into extruded films, showing that products with a higher value can be produced. The study mainly considered the development of material compositions and methods of preparing and extruding the material. Wheat gluten was added as a supportive protein matrix material, together with glycerol as a plasticizer and urea as a denaturant. The extrudate was evaluated with respect to mechanical (tensile testing) and oxygen barrier properties, and the extrudate structure was revealed visually and by scanning electron microscopy. A denser, more homogeneous material had a lower oxygen transmission rate, higher strength, and higher extensibility. The most homogeneous films were made at an extruder die temperature of 125-130 °C. It is shown here that a film can be extruded with promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, the latter especially after a final compression molding step.
Introduction
当从低值到高值升级的材料时，需要两个主要问题要考虑：潜在的最终产物（S）和所要求的性能的类型。这项研究的重点是基于蛋白质的塑料的原因有两个包装的潜在用途的挤压。本多种封装是广泛的，但可再生和可生物降解的低成本封装材料的请求已经在过去十年中迅速增加。这一趋势似乎仍在继续，因为大多数品牌拥有者和立法者正在搜索选项来创建从石油1塑料。包装所需的材料特性，在许多情况下，比其它塑料制品的要求更高。然而，如果得到一个成功的材料，潜在市场是非常大的。
包装材料需要满足一些标准是合适的。确切的标准不同取决于封装类型，填充/密封系统，TRANSPO室温，贮存，内容，外观，产品设计等 ，所有这些参数应该由包装显影剂可以考虑，但发起一个新的和未知材料的发展，当所有不能是最高优先级的一次。在焦点这项研究的性质是机械和阻挡性能。
挤出是选择用于两个原因的处理方法：挤出是用于制造包装塑料共同的和有效的方法，并且一般不涉及溶剂，如在溶液铸造。因此，需要在过程2的端部没有干燥步骤。
小麦面筋还从淀粉制品3来的侧线物流的材料。它已经显示为在许多研究包装塑料潜力。尽管如此，仍存在一些挑战4。 海甘蓝abyssinica是在一个有趣的油料种子植物它不是一个食物资源，并可以在许多不同的股份公司来生长ronomic条件5,6。与小麦面筋，海甘蓝蛋白质是副产品，在这种情况下，从石油生产。它是作为脱脂海甘蓝一顿获得蛋白质的最大组成部分。它还含有无氮提取物，如碳水化合物和纤维7,8的一个相当大的量。该粉具有相对较差粘结性，并且需要具有更高的凝聚力的物质混合。在这项研究中，小麦面筋用作支持添加剂到海甘蓝餐。以提高蛋白材料的韧性/延展性，增塑剂通常用作添加剂为好。在这项研究中，甘油被使用，这是植物石油工业的副产物（ 例如，油菜籽甲酯燃料），并且容易在低成本9。尿素，也可再生能源，是为了作为变性剂给挤出适当的凝聚力2,10,11。它也可能工作作为增塑剂。
可再生材料，尤其是那些直接从性质使用，无需纯化，修饰，或者化学合成，是在大多数情况下，不适合高温处理。面临的挑战是找到合适的处理参数和组合物导致具有允许其与来自石油产品竞争特性的挤出物。
本研究着重于从具有不同的添加剂处理的海甘蓝膳食产生了新的生物基材料的机械性质和阻挡性质的表征，并在不同的条件下12。的机械和氧阻隔功能的完整细节在RASEL 等人发现。 12。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
模头压力是如此高的重要性的原因很可能是由于这样的事实，该材料需要有一定的压力，以避免形成气泡。但是，不同的组件可以相分离，如果压力过高。当在太低的温度下挤出，凝聚力差，可能是由于低程度的交联，而过高的温度下导致的气体的释放（可能与尿素和蛋白降解产物一起湿气）。
两步挤出（ 即，其中的股粘度第一挤出，造粒，然后再次挤出）产生了更均匀的挤出物，因为更广泛共混使得第一挤压步骤提供的。
从15降低尿素浓度为10％（重量）当差面团内聚力可能是由于较低的交联密度。类似于此，低级甘油浓度，因而降低能力溶解尿素，导致较差的电影，除非是采用较高的模具压力。
增加海甘蓝膳食浓度，并因此降低了小麦面筋浓度，导致了较低程度的聚集/网络的形成。这降低了材料的粘度在挤出物，导致需要增加管芯温度至130℃，以提高粘度并产生均匀的薄膜。
它是困难的，如果不是不可能的，挤出塑化海甘蓝入足够的质量用于任何用途的薄膜。我们在这里显示，这可以通过用如小麦面筋更容易挤出的蛋白掺合海甘蓝来克服。对于最好的质量，挤出物需要是压缩成形在挤压后的一个单独步骤。
它在这里显示了挤出适用于小规模，和升频很可能是更苛刻。挤出，拥有注塑一起，是在MOS吨生产塑料重要的商业方法。以取代现有的传统的塑料，这是必要的蛋白物质可以用相同的技术14-16制备。我们在这里显示，有可能挤出海甘蓝油籽粕与小麦面筋的帮助。
可能的应用包括包装和关于各种挤压型材（ 例如，杆和汽缸）的应用程序。我们考虑的样品的制备过程中最关键的步骤是挤出步骤。薄膜的最终质量经挤压参数和在挤出前的材料的性能强烈地依赖。
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Swedish governmental strategic research program Trees and Crops for the Future (TC4F), VINNOVA, and the EC FP7 project ICON. Hannah Rasel is gratefully acknowledged for performing most of the experiments in the previous paper (Reference 5).
Materials
| Crambe meal | Plant Research International | Defatted crambe meal, Residual from oil extraction of cultivar Galactica seeds | |
| Wheat gluten | Lantmännen Reppe AB | It contains 77 % (w/w) gluten, 8.1 % (w/w) starch and 1.34 % (w/w) fat. | |
| Glycerol | Karlshamn Tefac AB | 99.5 % purity | |
| Urea | Sigma Aldrich | purity ≥ 99.5 % | |
| The dough | (per 100 g) prepared with 35.7 g crambe meal, 23.8 g wheat gluten, 25.5 g glycerol and 15 g urea, hence with a liquid (glycerol/urea) to solid (crambe/wheat gluten) ratio of 0.342. | ||
| Round, fine meshed stainless steel kitchen sieve | Sieve the crambe meal | ||
| Rotary ball mill | Pascal Engineering | Milling crambe/The volume of the mill house is 7 l and it contained 215 ceramic balls, each with a diameter of 25 mm. | |
| Mortar and pestle | Grinding urea | ||
| Kitchen machine Cloer 660 | Cloer | Blending crambe and wheat gluten | |
| Twin-screw extruder Type LTE20-48 | Labtech Engineering LTD | Compounding and film extrusion | |
| Flat sheet die | Produce extruded flat films with a cross-section of 45 mm x 0,7 mm | ||
| Air Cooling Conveyor Unit type LAC-2.6 | Labtech Engineering LTD | Used in the extrusion | |
| Pelletizer Type LZ-120 | Labtech Engineering LTD | Making pellets | |
| Polystat 200T Hot Press | Servitec Machine GmbH | Hot press to press extrudates | |
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