电影后潜意识测量（PMSM），用于调查隐性社会偏差
1Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering,Aalto University, 2Advanced Magnetic Imaging (AMI) Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging,Aalto University, 3Department of Media, School of Arts Design and Architecture,Aalto University, 4International Laboratory for Social Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience,National Research University Higher School of Economics, 5Department of Film and Media,Stockholm University of the Arts
Summary
该协议描述了在功能磁共振成像过程中使用电影来研究隐含社会偏见背后的大脑机制。当一个主角的脸在电影后被潜意识地呈现，它唤起了基于在电影中获得的主角的知识的隐含反应。
Abstract
新的知识不断从社会环境中获得，这种社会环境可以影响人们对彼此的反应。这种反应往往在潜意识的感性水平上含蓄地发生，并且通过快速表达刺激，可以在实验上隔离相关的大脑机制。对属于不同种族、种族或性别的面孔的潜意识呈现，已证明在调查社会隐性反应方面是成功的。然而，许多隐含的反应是基于以前获得的关于面孔的知识（例如，性取向、政治观点和社会经济地位），而不仅仅是外表。在这里，提出了一种称为电影后潜意识测量（PMSM）的新方法。观看一部具有社交吸引力的电影时，观众会了解主角，并熟悉他/她的身份和世界观。当主人公的脸在电影之后被潜意识地呈现时，它唤起了隐含的神经反应，这取决于对主人公的了解。由于有大量的电影，每部电影都描绘了不同身份的人，PMSM 方法能够以类似于现实生活社会感知的方式调查大脑复杂的隐性偏见。
Introduction
最近的研究表明，最初的社会判断是在第一个32-100毫秒内，满足另一个人1，2，3，4，5，6，7。人脸的潜意识表现被广泛用于调查对不同种族和种族群体的隐性偏见（例如，通过呈现不同肤色的白种人和非洲裔美国人面孔对两个群体的受试者）8、9、10、11、12、13、14。然而，社会群体的特征还包括身体面部特征以外的因素15。
面部感知已被证明对上下文提示高度敏感（即身体姿势16，面部17眼凝视方向，关于面部18的先验知识，呈现面部19的视觉背景，单独显示面部或其他面部20）。这些因素都会影响面部感知。Weiser和Brosch21，在他们的广泛审查中，建议通过确保实验室实验类似于真实环境来调查更自然的环境下的面部感知。事实上，即使是简单的任务，如识别人，已经证明更准确时，看到视频片段更接近现实生活的感知比使用静态图像22。
在过去的几十年中，大脑成像研究已经证明，视频剪辑可以成功地用于研究现实的社会感知23，24，25，26，27，28，29。提出的方法是基于这些研究的结果和额外的发现，表明电影叙事可以暂时运送观众到一个主角的世界30。该协议将电影观看与潜意识刺激表达相结合，作为研究自然主义条件下隐含社会偏见形成的替代方法。
本文介绍了这种新方法的协议，即电影后潜意识测量 （PMSM）。观看一部具有社交吸引力的电影时，观众会了解主角，并熟悉他/她的身份和世界观。与其他叙事艺术形式相比，电影的独特之处是，它们在短时间内呈现了一个引人入胜、丰富而复杂的故事。此外，电影的视听和电影特性同步观众的大脑活动23，25，29，31。因此，确保以非常相似的方式向受试者提供信息是很有帮助的。
PMSM 方法表明，当影片（与之前相比）在影片之后（与之前相比）以潜意识方式呈现主角的面部时，将成功地引发隐式神经响应。这些反应取决于观众在暗示的社会观点方面对主人公性格的了解。由于有大量的电影可以描绘各种社会角色，PMSM 方法能够以接近现实生活的社会感知的方式调查大脑复杂的隐式观点。
Protocol
该协议得到了阿尔托大学研究伦理委员会的批准。 1. 参与者筛选和准备 根据年龄、手感和教育水平，匹配招募参与者的不同群体（此处为异性恋和同性恋群体）。确保所有参与者都能完全理解电影的语言，并且不用字幕观看它感觉很舒服。或者，考虑以参与者的母语放映电影。 排除在过去几年中看过计划电影的参与者，因为这可能会影响基线测量。理想情况下…
Representative Results
这里介绍了一些结果使用PMSM从Afdile等人发表的文章34。在这里，在意识到主人公是同性恋后，对同性恋和异性恋对象（15名异性恋者，14名同性恋者）的隐性偏见进行了调查，使他成为同性恋参与者的”群体”和异性恋参与者的”外在群体”。根据我们的IAT结果，这一因素在两个群体中都被证明是显著的，其中异性恋者对异性恋者比对同性恋者具有内在的赞成，而同性恋受试者则隐含?…
Discussion
本文概述了使用电影后潜意识测量（PMSM）调查隐式大脑的新方法。在最近发表的一项研究中，这种方法表明，1） 隐性大脑反应是动态的，2） 不断从社会环境学习，并基于上下文知识（而不是仅仅基于面部）制定判断特性）。因此，建议的 PMSM 方法可以提供经典方法的替代方法，用于调查隐式偏见（例如，在呈现属于不同种族、性别或种族群体的面孔时）。PMSM 使实验环境更接近于现实生活中的…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了芬兰科学院的支持，赠款号[259952，276643]。我们要感谢米科·萨姆斯的监督和恩里科·格莱因、尤西·阿尔霍、安娜·伊梅莱帮助处理数据、约翰·韦斯特帮助可视化以及高级磁成像（AMI）中心的玛丽塔·卡特鲁斯和托尼·奥兰神经成像，阿尔托大学，埃斯波，芬兰，他们的帮助和支持。
Materials
| 3T Siemens MAGNETOM Skyra | Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany | MRI device, using a standard 20-channel receiving head-neck coil | |
| Avid Media Composer | https://www.avid.com/media-composer | Video editing software used to create the stimuli. | |
| EAR-tip | Etymotic Research, ER3, IL, USA | Earplugs compatible for MRI | |
| FSL software | https://www.win.ox.ac.uk/, version 5.0.9 | Software used to analyse the data. | |
| Panasonic PT-DZ110X projector | Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan | The stimuli were back-projected on a semitransparent screen | |
| Presentation software | Neurobehavioral Systems Inc., Albany, California, USA | Software used to present stimuli during the fMRI scan | |
| Sensimetrics S14 insert earphones | Sensimetrics Corporation, Malden, Massachusetts, USA | Auditory stimulation was delivered through Sensimetrics S14 insert earphones |
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Citer Cet Article
Afdile, M., Jääskeläinen, I. P. Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias. J. Vis. Exp. (156), e60817, doi:10.3791/60817 (2020).