介绍了一种用于自由行为的大鼠多通道神经记录和刺激的无线双向系统。该系统是轻和紧凑, 因此对 animal´s 行为剧目的影响最小。此外, 这种双向系统提供了一个复杂的工具来评估大脑激活模式和行为之间的因果关系。
在体内电生理学是一种强有力的技术来研究的关系之间的大脑活动和行为的毫秒和微米尺度。然而, 目前的方法大多依赖于连线电缆录音或只使用单向系统, 允许记录或刺激神经活动, 但不是在同一时间或同一目标。本文介绍了一种用于同时多通道记录和刺激自由行为大鼠神经活动的新型无线双向装置。该系统通过一个单一的便携式头部阶段, 既传送记录的活动, 也可以针对 real-time 的大脑刺激使用 telemetry-based 多通道软件。头阶段配备了前置放大器和可充电电池, 允许稳定的长期录音或刺激高达1小时. 重要的是, 头部阶段紧凑, 重量12克 (包括电池), 从而对 animal´s 的影响最小。行为剧目, 使该方法适用于广泛的一系列行为任务。此外, 该方法的主要优点是大脑刺激对神经活动和行为的影响可以同时测量, 提供了一个工具来评估特定的大脑激活模式和行为之间的因果关系。这一特性使该方法对深部脑刺激有特别的价值, 在长期行为实验中允许对刺激参数进行精确的评估、监测和调整。利用下位丘作为模型结构, 验证了系统的适用性。
神经科学中的一个基本问题是, 定义的神经元电路中的电活动是如何产生某种形式的行为的。在体内电生理学是一个强有力的技术来解决这个问题, 提供一个工具来记录或刺激大脑中的电活动, 而动物正在执行某些行为任务。但是, 当前的系统经常依赖于连线电缆录制1,2, 可能会限制移动性并防止 animal´s 行为剧目的完全表达。此外, 大多数单向系统使用, 允许记录3,4,5或刺激6,7的神经活动, 但不是在同一时间或同一目标, 使它难以解开特定的大脑激活模式和行为之间的因果关系。目前, 只有少数无线、双向系统用于体内的准备工作。但是, 它们通常是重的 (40-50 克), 由两个独立的便携式单位组成,即一个头阶段和一个连接的背包为电池电源8,9,10, 使它们更少灵活和增加电缆断线的风险, 例如在打扮行为期间。上述的无线系统都没有提供植入式微电极单元, 以获得完整的 ethologically 有效行为与实验条件的高再现性完全集成的神经活动概念。
在这里, 一个新的无线, 双向设备的在体内录音和刺激神经活动在自由行为的大鼠介绍。托马斯无线系统 (TWS) 操作通过一个可移动的顶头阶段, 可以传输多通道活动使用多达四独立录音渠道和可以是目标为电脑刺激在 real-time。此外, 一个长期植入的微电极单元兼容的 TWS 开发, 既允许神经刺激和记录。本文还介绍了一种用于记录和激励的 TWS 软件图形用户界面。本研究描述了整个设备的验证和在体内的实现。
为了验证 TWS 系统, 丘被选择为目标神经结构, 因为它的电刺激可以诱发明显的行为反应。众所周知, 下丘的电刺激诱发了大鼠的 “恐惧样” 行为反应, 如警觉性、侧身姿势、背部拱起、冰冻和逃逸 (飞行) 行为。这种反应模式模仿环境挑战引起的恐惧反应, 如感知的有害事件, 攻击或威胁生存11,12,13。人们认为, 能够引出这样一个明确而明确的行为, 将给 TWS 带来真正的挑战。
在这里, 一个广泛的可访问的无线记录和刺激系统的电生理和行为研究在自由运动的动物提出。TWS 在行为分析中已被验证, 使用下位丘作为模型结构。TWS 方法有几个优势比现有的。首先, 该系统使用一个便携式 TWS 头阶段配备了前置放大器和充电电池, 允许稳定的长期录音多达1小时, 与相同的电池和无线操作距离长达5米. 第二, TWS 头阶段是轻和紧凑, 重量12克包括电池, 并开发, 以防止大鼠删除头部阶段和咀嚼电线。这是很好的耐受动物, 因为没有影响的 animal´s 行为剧目与和没有 TWS 头阶段被观察到, 使系统适用于一系列的行为任务。第三, 系统在 real-time 中传输。4, 通过同时进行双向记录和刺激神经活动, 该系统提供了一个复杂的工具来评估特定的大脑激活模式和行为之间的因果关系, 从而克服缺点单向系统。这一特点使该方法对深部脑刺激有特别的价值, 通常需要对长期行为实验中的刺激参数进行精确的评估、监测和调整。最后, 研制了一种可在常规立体定向手术中方便植入的集成记录、刺激和参考电极的慢性植入微电极装置。从这个角度来看, TWS 是一个综合的无线系统, 增加了刺激和记录实验的再现性。TWS 的记录质量与商业上可用的有线录音系统所产生的记录质量类似 (参见图 5)。
众所周知, 在大鼠中丘的电刺激会产生明显的逃逸行为, 其特征是奔跑或跳跃, 模仿环境挑战引起的恐惧反应11,12, 13。在本研究中, 利用 TWS 或传统系栓系统刺激下丘, 诱发了这种行为。为了测试 TWS 的刺激效果, 使用这两个系统比较了逃逸阈值–产生跑或跳的最小电流强度。TWS 头期大鼠能够快速、跳跃、跳出野外, 即显示典型的逃逸行为, 具有更大的运动自由。重要的是, 与传统的拴系系统相比, 逃逸阈值是相似的。在一起, 一个相当具有挑战性的范例被用来测试 TWS 的韧性, 它在一个无麻烦的方式中掌握。
TWS 也适合慢性电刺激实验, 因为微电极单位植入允许慢性使用。TWS 允许非常精确地调整刺激电流参数, 以便准确地检测刺激电流的频率和数量, 从而有效地引出行为反应。此外, 同样的动物被刺激与相同的电流阈值3天后和相同的期望行为反应被诱发。这表明, 刺激电极尖端周围的组织没有受到刺激电流的损害, 通常需要增加刺激电流的振幅, 并反复激励, 以引出相同的行为反应。
此外, 由于 TWS 微刺激器在图形用户界面中实时更新刺激参数, 因此可以显著缩短实验时间。其他用于临床前研究的电刺激19需要重新编程以刺激参数更新。在这些情况下, 该设备的程序是通过将动物通过电缆连接到一个编程单元。使用 TWS 时不需要这样做。
最后, 电池是固定的顶部的 TWS 头阶段和电连接到头部阶段通过一个双针磁铁连接器, 方便更换电池。其优点是, 在实验过程中, 可以改变电池, 而无需断开 TWS 头阶段从植入电极单元, 这是更舒适的动物。在目前的研究中, 我们使用的电池的操作时间只有1小时。如果实验的时间超过1小时, 建议使用额外的充电电池。TWS 可以连接到更换充电电池的容量 (i) 230 毫安为1小时操作时间或 (ii) 450 ma 约2.5 小时操作时间。两种类型的电池都可以在15分钟内完全充电。
总之, 本研究描述的操作 TWS 设计的神经刺激和记录从自由行为的小动物。本文还介绍了一套完整的植入式微电极单元、头台、接收机和软件。无线记录和刺激的质量与栓系记录系统的性能相似, 其优点是对动物更舒适、更轻便、更安全。因此, TWS 可以用来取代拴系系统, 因为它不限制动物的机动性, 并提供了一种灵活的方法, 以控制刺激和神经记录的情况下, 其他方法将是困难或不可能的。因此, TWS 可以是一个重要的工具, 以研究如何在定义的神经回路的电活动产生的某些形式的行为, 一个基本的问题在神经科学。
The authors have nothing to disclose.
这项工作得到了德国工业研究协会联合会 (AiF; 赠款编号: KF2780403JL3) 的赠款研究的支持。
Thomas Wireless System (TWS) version 2.0 | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001165 | The Thomas Wireless System (TWS) version 2.0 is a portable multichannel telemetry system with laptop computer, a preinstalled Microsoft Windows operating system and TWS control software. The TWS includes: low noise 4 channel pre– and programmable main amplifier with fixed bandwidth, single channel constant–current stimulator for application of biphasic current pulses, software programmable micro stimulator, implantable connector system and a basic head stage unit for mounting to an animal. The system is delivered with a transceiver with USB port connection for laptops or desktop personal computers, the control software running under Microsoft operating system Windows. The TWS system can be used for extracellular neural stimulation and recording in freely behaving small animals (e.g. rats, guinea pigs). This system can be adapted to be used in larger animals (e.g. primates) as well. |
Software for Thomas Wireless System (TWS) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | inlcuded in AN001165 | The software for the Thomas wireless system is running under Microsoft Windows operating system and provides the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The TWS GUI offers complete control of the TWS functions 4 channel recording and 1 channel stimulation. |
Implantable tetrode for recording (4 channels) and stimulation (single channel) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001132 | Implantable tetrode for recording (4 channels) and stimulation (single channel) for use with Thomas Wireless Systems (TWS). Recording tetrode specifications: tetrode fiber material: quartz glass insulated platinum tungsten fiber, tetrode fiber outer diameter: 100µm, tip shape D, impedance 0.5-0.8MOHm; Reference electrode: tip shape: D; Impedance: 300-500kOhm; Material: quartzglass insulated platinum/tungsten; Stimulation electrode specification: fiber material: platinum/iridium, diameter: 125µm, lacquer insulated, tip shape : D, impedance: < 10kOhm, dimensions of the electrode can be specified by the end user |
Implantable microelectrode for recording (single channel) and stimulation (single channel) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001118 | Implantable microelectrode for recording (single channel) and stimulation (single channel) for use with Thomas Wireless Systems (TWS). Recording electrode specifications: electrode fiber material: quartz glass insulated platinum tungsten fiber, electrode fiber outer diameter: 80µm/250µm (please specify), tip shape D, impedance 0.5-0.8MOHm; Reference electrode: tip shape: D; Impedance. 300-500kOhm; Material: quartzglass insulated platinum/tungsten; Stimulation electrode specification: fiber material: platinum/iridium, diameter: 125µm, lacquer insulated, tip shape : D, impedance: < 10kOhm |
Holder for electrode implantation | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000838 | Special bent metal rod for microelectrode implantation for standard electrode holders. The rod is used to hold an implantable electrode. The implantable electrode is fixed to the rod with special Thomas RECORDING water soluable glue (AN001080). (Electrode holder is not included) |
Replacement accumulator power supply for the Thomas Wireless System (3,7V/230mAh) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001208 | Replacement rechargeable battery (accumulator) for Thomas Wireless System with a capacity of 230mA for approximately 1h operation time. (size: 27mm x 20mm x 6mm, weight app. 6g) |
Replacement accumulator power supply for the Thomas Wireless System (3,7V/450mAh) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001209 | Replacement rechargeable battery (accumulator) for Thomas Wireless System with a capacity of 450mA for more than 1h operation time. (size: 48mm x 30mm x 4mm, weight app. 11g) |
Accumulator charger for Thomas Wireless System (TWS) rechargable accumulator | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001207 | Mains powered charger for the Thomas Wirless System (TWS) rechargable accumulators (AN001209 and AN001209) |
Water soluble glue | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001080 | Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue is a specially selected product for use with implantable microelectrodes in neuroscientific research. Its unique properties ensure a rigid connection between electrode and mounting device although it is easily removable with warm water. The Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue can be used out-of-the-box, without any time consuming preparation. Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue is not harmful to humans, animals or the environment. Quantity: 1 box of 10 gramms |
Miniature differential preamplifier | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000329 | The Miniature Differential Pre-Amplifier, Model MDPA-2 is a 2-channel, differential input preamplifier that is designed for low noise recordings from excitable tissue. It is intended for extracellular recording in conjunction with the implantation of implantable microelectrodes for freely moving animal appliactions with the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The 2-Channel Miniature Differential Preamplifier (MDPA-2) is connected to the implantable microelectrodes for providing the initial tenfold amplification stage. Ideally Thomas RECORDING quartz glass insulated platinum/tungsten electrodes are used to yield optimal recording results with high signal amplitudes and low noise levels. The MDPA-2 has additional common ground and reference electrode inputs. |
Connection cable | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000330 | Connection cable to connect the Thomas Miniature differential preamplifier (MDPA-2) to a main amplifier and an accumulator power supply. |
Rechargeable power supply for the miniature preamplifier | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000328 | Rechargeable accumulator power supply for the Miniature differential preamplifier (MDPA-2). |
Accumulator charger (US) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000167 | Accumulator charger for the power supply AN000328 (US mains power outlet conenctor) |
Accumulator charger (EU) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000168 | Accumulator charger for the power supply AN000328 (EU mains power outlet connector) |
Differential preamplifier/main amplifier/bandpass filter | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000677 | TREC AC Main Amplifier (LabAmp-03) is a single-channel, differential main amplifier for neurophysiological applications (e.g. extracellular recording with microelectrodes). This Instrument is designed to work with the miniature Differential Pre-Amplifier, Model MDPA-2. The single channel of the LabAmp-03 contains a high-gain, low-noise differential amplifier stage followed by low frequency and high-frequency filters. The amplifier has two different filter amplifiers, a single unit activity (SUA) filter –amplifier and a local field potential (LFP) filter amplifier, both are connected parallel in the signal path. Record Mode offers two levels of signal gain (x10, x100) in a first stage and 4 additional levels (x5, x10, x25 and x50) in a final amplifier stage. Each amplifier has different bandpass characteristics for single unit activity (SUA) 500Hz…20kHz and local field potentials (LFP) 0,1Hz…140Hz. An audio monitor and a window discriminator is integrated in the device. The LabAmp-03 has an integrated audio monitor with loudspeaker. This unit provides audio reproduction of electrophysiological signals. The unit combines an audio amplifier in a compact, rugged package. This is especially suited to monitoring neural firing and muscle contractions. The audio monitor input is internally connected to the SUA-Filter amplifier output. The LabAmp-03 is delivered with external power supply for a mains power operation voltage range of 100-240V AC/50-60Hz. |
USB Oscilloscope | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001096 | USB PC Oszilloskop, 2 Kanal. This 2-channel PC oscilloscope is perfect suitable for mobile use on a laptop and permanent installation in control cabinets, industrial equipment and many other applications where a small, lightweight and powerful oscilloscope is required. This oscilloscope is connected to the signal output of the main amplifier is for display of recorded extracellular activity during the implanation of the implantable microelectrodes for the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The user can acquire the measurement data over the several data-interfaces directly on the PC with includes PC software. |
Stimulus generator | Multichannel Systems | STG3008-FA | Stimulus Generator for Current (STG) and Voltage Driven Stimulation fulfill three functions: current driven stimulation, voltage driven stimulation, controlling and timing. The STG is available with 2, 4 or 8 independet output channels. Featuring integrated isolation units for each output channel, the STG is able to provide any arbitrary waveform. |
Cap protector for the electrode | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN001193 | Protective cap for implantable electrode unit for the Thomas Wireless System |
Surgical equipment | Scissors, blunt-end forceps, spatulas, surgical clippers, dental drill, and cotton buds | ||
Drugs and chemicals | Isoflurane, xylocaine, tramadol hydrochloride (Tramadol-CT, AbZ-Pharma GmbH, Ulm, Germany), dexpantenol eye salve (Bepanthen, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany), 3% hydrogen peroxide, povidone-Iodine (Betaisodona, Mundipharma GmbH, Limburg, Germany) and 70% ethanol; | ||
Fixation material including | Stainless steel screws (BN650 M1.2×5; 4.7 mm ), acrylic resin (Paladur, Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), ultraviolet glue (Cyberbond U3300, Cyberbond Europe GmbH, Germany) and cap protector (Thomas Recording GmbH, Giessen, Germany); | ||
Additional material | Gloves, heating pad, syringes, and physiological saline. | ||
Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument (SASI) | Thomas RECORDING GmbH | AN000287 | The model should be chosen according to the animal (rat, guinea pig, monkeys, etc) used in the study |
Video camera | EverFocus | EverFocus, model: EQ150 | |
Open field | Made of transparent or gray acrylic, having round shape measuring 40x40x40cm | ||
Elevated plus maze | Made of gray acrylic and consisted of two open arms (50 cm long x 10 cm wide) and two closed arms (50 cm long x 10 cm wide, with 40 cm high walls) that extended from a central platform elevated 50 cm above the floor. |