李斯特菌是一种模式生物,为研究免疫反应和遗传易感性细胞在小鼠体内的细菌。这种方法使一个衡量细菌负荷,产生单细胞悬液,流式细胞仪分析小鼠肝和脾,以确定由于李斯特菌感染的免疫细胞的变化。
李斯特菌(李斯特菌)是革兰氏阳性兼性细胞内病原体1。小鼠研究中,通常采用静脉注射李斯特,这会导致全身性感染 2 。注射后,李斯特的迅速传播到脾脏和肝脏由于摄取CD8α+树突状细胞和Kupffer 细胞 3,4 。一旦吞噬,各种细菌的蛋白质使李斯特逃脱吞噬,在细胞质中求生存,并感染邻近的细胞5。在第3天感染,不同的先天免疫细胞(如单核细胞,中性粒细胞,NK细胞,树突状细胞)介导的杀菌机制,最大限度地减少李斯特菌增殖。 CD8 + T细胞,随后招募和李斯特菌通常在10天感染6的主机,最终清除。
李斯特菌感染小鼠的成功间隙取决于适当的主机 6免疫反应的发病。是一个广泛的敏感性之间自交系小鼠品系7,8。一般来说, 李斯特菌感染的易感性增加的小鼠能够控制细菌繁殖,抗小鼠相比,显示出细菌负荷增加和/或延迟间隙。遗传研究,包括连锁分析和基因敲除小鼠品系,已确定了各种基因序列变异宿主反应,李斯特菌感染 6,8-14的影响。感染不同小鼠品系之间动力学的测定和比较,因此确定主机遗传因素,有助于对李斯特菌的免疫反应的重要方法。宿主反应比较不同的李斯特菌菌株也是一种有效的方法来识别细菌的致病因素,可作为抗生素治疗或疫苗设计的潜在目标。
我们在这里描述一个简单的方法,用于测量细菌(菌落形成单位[CFU]每组织),并准备单细胞悬液,流式细胞仪分析在李斯特菌感染小鼠的免疫反应,对肝,脾。新颖的小鼠品系中的李斯特菌感染的初步鉴定,以及比较不同的小鼠感染李斯特菌株之间的免疫反应,这种方法尤其有用。我们使用的EGD 李斯特菌 15株,血琼脂培养基上培养时,展品周围β-溶血1(图1)由于每个殖民地的特征晕区。可以决定在任何时间点血琼脂平板,并准备组织细胞悬浮液的培养上流式细胞仪分析使用以下协议组织匀浆后感染细菌负荷和免疫反应。我们会注意到,那些免疫功能低下或怀孕的人不应该处理李斯特菌,生物安全委员会的有关机构和动物设施管理工作开始前,应征询。
Listeria is one of the most widely used organisms to characterize host immune responses to intracellular bacteria6. The protocol presented here enables one to measure bacterial load and immune cell responses within the same tissue of a given mouse. This dual measurement of a particular tissue for each infected mouse provides for more robust comparisons within and between mouse cohorts (either representing different mouse strains or time points post-infection). While Listeria infection by oral administration could also be used to study immune responses in mice, infection by intravenous injection is often used because: 1) it ensures rapid and effective delivery to the bloodstream; 2) it results in a synchronized and consistent systemic infection; and 3) the Mus species harbors a mutation in the gene encoding the E-cadherin receptor, which limits Listeria infection by oral administration (this mutation affects Listeria‘s ability to bind the mouse E-cadherin receptor and to efficiently cross the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract)16-18.
There are a few critical steps in this protocol. First, the Listeria inoculum stock should be generated from a fresh overnight HBA culture to ensure viability and virulence. Second, it is important to accurately determine the CFU concentration of the inoculum before and after injecting all mice to ensure that the CFU concentration does not differ greatly between the first and last mouse injected. Third, injection of Listeria into the tail vein must be consistent for all mice. Lastly, it is necessary to perfuse the liver to deplete non-resident leukocytes to ensure accurate measurement of immune cells within the liver and not leukocytes passing through in the peripheral blood. All of these steps, if not performed successfully, can result in unwanted variability for bacterial load and/or immune responses between individual mice infected with Listeria.
Two limitations of this protocol are the investigator’s skill for infecting mice by intravenous injection and the detection of bacterial load in tissues. If one person is injecting a large number of mice, Listeria viability (i.e. CFU concentration) may reduce over time once the frozen inoculum is thawed (e.g. >2 hours between injecting first and last mouse). It is up to the investigator to determine how many mice she/he can inject before the inoculum is compromised. Another limitation of this method is that the Listeria load cannot be accurately measured below 100CFU/organ due to the relatively small amounts of cultured tissue homogenate (e.g. Figure 3 indicates that 100CFU/organ is the detection limit). To more accurately measure lower values for CFU/organ, a larger amount of the tissue homogenate can be cultured (up to 0.5mL per plate, multiple plates can be used) so a greater proportion of the tissue is sampled for detection of Listeria. If a Stomacher is not available, then alternative methods to homogenate the tissue, such as using a tissue homogenizer, can be used instead for steps 7.1-7.2. On a practical note, if space in the 37°C incubator is limited for culturing tissue samples from infected mice, then HBA culture plates can be incubated at room temperature for 2-3 days (the colonies will grow slower at room temperature). However, room temperature should not be used when growing cultures for preparation of frozen Listeria stocks.
This protocol provides a basic approach for characterizing Listeria infection in mice and can be used with other Listeria strains besides EGD. In addition to the liver and spleen, single-cell suspensions from lymph nodes can also be generated. In either instance, these single-cell suspensions can be used for a variety of analyses, including measuring immune cell subsets, and in vitro stimulation of sorted immune cells. Once the basic techniques are mastered this protocol can also be modified to isolate Listeria-specific T cells19, characterize dendritic cells20, or perform immune cell depletion at certain time-points after infection21,22 to more thoroughly characterize the immune response in mice infected with Listeria.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
作者想感谢安娜Walduck,克里斯蒂娜欢呼声,司徒贝尔津什,戴尔戈弗雷,一帆詹和乔纳森Wilksch意见和试剂。这项工作是由青少年糖尿病研究基金会(1-2008-602)和澳大利亚国家卫生和医学研究理事会(575552)的资助。净重是支持澳大利亚研究生奖。单程是由RD莱特奖学金由澳大利亚国家卫生医学研究理事会的支持。
Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Horse blood agar base No.2 | Oxoid | CM0271 | Preparation of agar base for HBA plates |
Horse blood (defibrinated) | Oxoid | HB1000 | Add 5-10% to agar base |
Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (10 mL) | Oxoid | TM456 | |
Brain heart infusion dehydrated media | Oxoid | CM1135 | |
96-well flat bottom plate | BD Biosciences | 353072 | |
70 μm cell strainer | BD Biosciences | 352350 | |
Small petri dish | BD Biosciences | 351007 | |
Stomacher 80 biomaster lab system | Seward | ||
Plastic Stomacher bags | Sarstedt | 86 9924 530 | |
Bovine serum albumin | Sigma | A3912 | |
FACS buffer | 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in PBS | ||
Isotonic Percoll (33.75% Percoll in PBS) | GE Healthcare | 17-0891-01 | 33.75mL Percoll, 3.75mL 10x PBS, 62.5mL 1x PBS makes 100mL isotonic Percoll |
TAC Buffer | 17mM Tris, 140mM ammonium chloride in distilled water | ||
FCS/EDTA buffer | Fetal calf serum with 10mM EDTA | ||
FACS/EDTA buffer | FACS buffer + 5mM EDTA | ||
Trypan blue | Sigma | T6146 | 0.4% (w/v) in PBS, filter sterilized |
2mL Cryovial | Greiner Bio One | 121263 | |
27 gauge/1mL insulin syringe | Terumo Medical Products | SS10M2713 | |
Needle | Terumo Medical Products | NN-2516R (25G 5/8in) NN-2613R (26G 1/2in) |
|
Syringe | Terumo Medical Products | SS-01T (1mL), SS-053 (5mL), SS-10S (10mL) |