Here, we describe a method for gut isolation from zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization, for single-cell RNA sequencing analysis.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract performs a range of functions essential for life. Congenital defects affecting its development can lead to enteric neuromuscular disorders, highlighting the importance to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying GI development and dysfunction. In this study, we present a method for gut isolation from zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization to obtain live, viable cells which can be used for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. This protocol is based on the manual dissection of the zebrafish intestine, followed by enzymatic dissociation with papain. Subsequently, cells are submitted to fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and viable cells are collected for scRNA-seq. With this method, we were able to successfully identify different intestinal cell types, including epithelial, stromal, blood, muscle, and immune cells, as well as enteric neurons and glia. Therefore, we consider it to be a valuable resource for studying the composition of the GI tract in health and disease, using the zebrafish.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system that plays a vital role in overall health and well-being. It is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as the elimination of waste products1,2. The GI tract is composed of multiple cell types, including epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, immune cells, and the enteric nervous system (ENS), which communicate closely together to regulate and maintain proper intestinal function3,4,5. Defects in the development of the GI tract can have far-reaching effects on various aspects such as nutrient absorption, microbiota composition, the gut-brain axis, and the ENS, leading to several enteric neuromuscular disorders, such as Hirschsprung disease and Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction6,7. These disorders are characterized by severe gut dysmotility caused by alterations in various key cells, such as the interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle cells, and the ENS6,8,9. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GI development and dysfunction are still poorly understood.
The zebrafish is a valuable model organism for studying GI development and dysfunction due to its rapid embryonic development, transparency during embryonic and larval stages, and genetic tractability10,11,12,13,14. Numerous transgenic zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins are available. An example of such a line is the tg(phox2bb:GFP) zebrafish, commonly used to study the ENS, as all phox2bb+ cells, including enteric neurons, are labeled15,16. Here, using the tg(phox2bb:GFP) zebrafish line, we present a method for intestinal isolation of 5 days post fertilization (dpf) larvae for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis (Figure 1).
All zebrafish husbandry and experiments were conducted according to the institutional guidelines of the Erasmus MC and Animal welfare legislation. The use of zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization falls under the category of experiments that do not require formal ethical approval, as outlined by the Dutch regulations.
1. Obtaining 5 days post fertilization (dpf) wildtype and tg(phox2bb:GFP) larvae
2. Wildtype whole larvae dissociation
3. Gut isolation
4. Gut dissociation
5. FACS enrichment
With this protocol, we achieved successful isolation and dissociation of entire intestines from 5 dpf larvae. Using papain as the dissociation enzyme, we significantly enhanced cell viability, enabling the capture of 46,139 events involving single, viable cells (6.4% of all cells) out of 244 isolated guts (Figure 2A). Wildtype whole larvae were used as a control to ensure that the sorting process was optimized, enabling effective cell identification and sorting. Whole larvae could be used as we only sort for live, single cells (Supplementary Figure S1B-E). All sorted intestinal cells were subsequently submitted to the scRNA seq platform. In total, 9,858 cells were sequenced with mean reads per cell of 21,106. For scRNA-seq analysis, we used Seurat V317. In total, 48 clusters were identified representing 12 different cell types, including epithelial, stromal, blood, muscle, and immune cells, as well as enteric neurons and glia18.
Figure 1: Experimental design for single-cell RNA sequencing of isolated zebrafish guts. Abbreviations: FACS = fluorescence-activated cell sorting; scRNA-seq = single-cell RNA-sequencing. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Gating strategy to sort live, single cells from the zebrafish gut. (A) Post sort analysis with FCS/SSC size gating. (B) Doublet discrimination. (C) Live/dead cell gating and sorted population. (D) Phox2bb:GFP+ cells present in the sorted live population. In each panel, the percentage of gated cells is shown. Abbreviations: FCS-A = forward scatter-peak area; SSC-A = side scatter-peak area; FSC-H = forward scatter-peak height; GFP = green fluorescent protein; FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Supplemental Figure S1: Gut isolation and gating strategy to sort live, single cells from whole wildtype zebrafish larvae. (A) Brightfield image of gut isolation from 5 days post fertilization zebrafish larvae. The red line indicates the dissection line. (B) Post-sort analysis, showing all cells with FCS/SSC size gating. (C) Singlet selection. (D) DAPI gating. (E) Phox2bb:GFP+ gating. The percentage of gated cells is shown in each panel. Abbreviations: FCS-A = forward scatter-peak area; SSC-A = side scatter-peak area; FSC-H = forward scatter-peak height; GFP = green fluorescent protein; FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate. Please click here to download this File.
Here, we present a method for isolation and dissociation of the gut of 5 dpf zebrafish larvae using FACS. With this method, different intestinal cell types were successfully collected and analyzed by scRNA-seq, using the 10x Genomics Chromium platform. We selected the tg(phox2bb:GFP) zebrafish line, as we wanted an indication that viable ENS cells would be also isolated (Figure 2D). However, it is important to note that this method can be readily extended to other zebrafish lines of interest, as we only used the phox2bb gating to assess neuronal viability, and not to select for a specific cell population. Since we decided to use an unbiased approach to collect all intestine cells present at 5 dpf, the sorting criterion primarily hinges on identifying live, individual cells. This is also the reason behind the use of whole larvae to establish a reliable and consistent gating strategy. Considering the labor involved in isolating individual guts, it becomes impractical to isolate more intestines to serve as a negative control, within the given time frame of this experiment. Therefore, while we acknowledge that cell types from the whole larvae differ from those found in the intestine, and even distinct dissociation methods were used, it is notable that the gating strategy applied to sort intestinal cells can be initially validated using whole larvae, as we were only interested in assessing cell viability.
To perform scRNA-seq, a critical step in this protocol would be to isolate a sufficient number of viable cells (~20,000 cells). At the same time, the time spent for gut isolation should be kept as short as possible to avoid a detrimental effect on cell viability. Previous reports focusing on zebrafish larvae intestines employed accutase or trypsin for cell dissociation19,20,21. However, while both dissociation enzymes were able to isolate enough viable cells for scRNA-seq, accutase did not allow the capture of enteric neuronal cells19,20. Trypsin, however, predominantly captured epithelial cells, yielding only a low number of enteric neuronal cells21. Papain is commonly recognized for its gentleness, which can be particularly beneficial for preserving enteric neuronal integrity22. Our results showed that papain is indeed effective in maintaining the viability of neuronal cells, confirming previous applications in which this enzyme was used to digest zebrafish adult retina and brain23,24. However, it is noteworthy to mention that even with papain, cell viability post gut isolation and dissociation was only 6.4%. This suggests that the subsequent FACS step is, thus, crucial to select for viable cells. Such results can be considered a limitation particularly when dealing with scarce and challenging-to-capture cells of interest.
Future studies should focus on new dissociation methods to improve cell viability during the isolation protocol. Once increased, this method becomes feasible to sort out reporter-positive cells and perform scRNA-seq on specific intestinal cell types. Nevertheless, the method presented here allows the capture of enough viable cells for subsequent identification of different cell types within the gut, such as epithelial, stromal, blood, muscle, immune cells, and even enteric neurons and glia, which have not been captured before at this cell stage using similar approaches. Since the ability to isolate and analyze these different cell types is essential to get more insights into GI development and dysfunction, we consider this method to be particularly valuable, as it provides a reliable approach to study intestinal composition using the zebrafish, as a model organism.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was funded by the friends of Sophia Foundation (SSWO WAR-63).
10x Trypsin (0.5%)-EDTA (0.2%) | Sigma | 59418C | |
5 mL round bottom tube with cell-strainer cap | Falcon | 352235 | |
Agarose | Sigma-Aldrich | A9539 | |
BD Falcon Round-Bottom Tube 5 mL (FACS tubes) snap cap | BD Biosciences | 352054 | |
Cell Ranger v3.0.2 | 10X Genomics | N/A | |
DAPI | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#D-9542 | |
Dissection microscope | Olympus SZX16 | ||
FACSAria III sorter machine | BD Biosciences | N/A | |
HBSS with CaCl2 and MgCl2 | Gibco | 14025050 | |
Insect pins | Fine Science Tools | 26000-25 | |
L-Cysteine | Sigma | C7352 | |
MS-222, Tricaine | Supelco | A5040-250G | |
Papain | Sigma | P4762 | |
Seurat v3 | Stuart et al. (2019) | N/A | |
Trypan blue | Sigma | Cat#T8154 |