Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Shohei Kaneko; Katsunori Yanai; Hiroki Ishii; Akinori Aomatsu; Kiyonori Ito; Keiji Hirai; Susumu Ookawara; Kenichi Ishibashi; Yoshiyuki Morishita

doi:10.3791/61535

JoVE Journal > Immunology and Infection

Inmunología y contagio

Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Published: July 08, 2020

doi:

10.3791/61535

Shohei Kaneko¹, Katsunori Yanai¹, Hiroki Ishii¹, Akinori Aomatsu^1,2, Kiyonori Ito¹, Keiji Hirai¹, Susumu Ookawara¹, Kenichi Ishibashi³, Yoshiyuki Morishita¹

¹Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center,Jichi Medical University, ²Division of Intensive Care Unit, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center,Jichi Medical University, ³Department of Medical Physiology,Meiji Pharmaceutical University

Summary

microRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. We have developed a reliable method for detecting microRNA expression levels in the kidneys of an IgA nephropathy mouse model (HIGA mice). This new method will facilitate to check for miRNAs involvement in IgA nephropathy.

Abstract

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a type of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by the abnormal deposition of IgA, leading to the end-stage renal failure. In recent years, the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been reported in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. However, there is no established method for profiling miRNAs in IgA nephropathy using small animal models. Therefore, we developed a reliable method for analyzing miRNA in the kidney of an IgA mouse model (HIGA mouse). The goal of this protocol is to detect the altered expression levels of miRNAs in the kidneys of HIGA mice when compared with the levels in kidneys of control mice. In brief, this method consists of four steps: 1) obtaining kidney samples from HIGA mice; 2) purifying total RNA from kidney samples; 3) synthesizing complementary DNA from total RNA; and 4) quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of miRNAs. Using this method, we successfully detected the expression levels of several miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-21-5p) in the kidneys of HIGA mice. This new method can be applied to other studies profiling miRNAs in IgA nephropathy.

Introduction

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a type of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by the abnormal deposition of IgA in the renal glomerular mesangial region¹^,². It is the most common of the primary glomerulonephritis and leads to the end-stage renal failure in 20%–40% of patients². The cause is still unknown but persistent mucosal infection has been implicated¹^,³. Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and renin−angiotensin system inhibitors have been proposed as therapeutic methods¹^,³, but have not been completely established³. Therefore, further research is required to clarify the etiology and therapeutic methods of treating IgA nephropathy.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression⁴^,⁵. miRNAs are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and some have been identified as disease biomarkers and therapeutic agents⁴^,⁵. In recent years, an association between miRNAs and the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy has also been reported²^,⁶^,⁷. For example, miR-148b was shown to be involved in structural abnormalities of IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy²^,⁶^,⁷, while miR-148b and let-7b were documented as novel biomarkers for detecting IgA nephropathy⁷. Although understanding the effects of miRNAs on IgA nephropathy may help further elucidate etiology and treatment², standard methods for profiling miRNAs in IgA nephropathy using small animal models have not yet been established².

We herein developed a simple and reliable method for measuring miRNA expression levels in the kidneys of an IgA nephropathy mouse model (HIGA mice). The HIGA mouse is a characteristic ddY strain showing a particularly high level of serum IgA and the abnormal deposition of IgA in kidney glomeruli⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹. Therefore, HIGA mice can be used as an IgA nephropathy mouse model⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹. Our method consists of four major steps: first, surgically obtaining kidney samples from HIGA mice; second, homogenizing samples and purifying total RNA using a silica membrane-based spin column; third, synthesizing complementary DNA (cDNA) from total RNA using reverse transcription; and fourth, detecting the expression levels of miRNA by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The rationale for this method and the reliability of the results are based on previous reports¹²^,¹³. We show that this is a useful technique to accurately measure miRNA expression levels in an IgA nephropathy mouse model, and that it could be used to facilitate future research into miRNAs in IgA nephropathy.

Protocol

Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jichi Medical University and comply with the Use and Care of Experimental Animals guidelines from the Jichi Medical University Guide for Laboratory Animals.

1. Obtaining kidney samples from HIGA mice

NOTE: HIGA mice show a stable phenotype of IgA nephropathy after 25 weeks of age⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹. Balb/c mice should be selected as the control group⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹. 25-week-old female HIGA mice (n = 10) and 25-week-old female Balb/c mice (n = 10) were obtained. It is necessary to determine the number of mice required for experiments in advance. This step requires about 7–8 h for a sample size of 10 HIGA mice and 10 Balb/c mice.

Prepare these items: HIGA mice (25-week-old, female), Balb/c mice (25-week-old, female), inhalation anesthesia apparatus, isoflurane, cork sheet, pin, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), injection syringes, needles, surgical scissors, and forceps.
Anesthetize a HIGA mouse using 4%–5% of isoflurane with inhalation anesthesia apparatus and mount it in the dorsal position on the cork sheet using pins. Adjust the concentration of isoflurane to 2%–3% as the maintenance dose after the induction of anesthesia.
NOTE: The depth of anesthesia is maintained at a level at which the pain associated with the invasive procedure is completely eliminated. In particular, isoflurane concentration should be adjusted to 4-5% when excising tissues such as the thorax. Hair removal and eye ointment are not essential. It is not necessary to mount the mouse on a heating pad if the procedure can be performed quickly.
Make a 3–4 cm midline incision of the mouse abdominal wall with surgical scissors and forceps and carefully identify both sides of the kidney.
Incise the ribs and diaphragm with surgical scissors and forceps to expose the heart. After incising the right atrium, inject PBS into the left ventricle until the kidney color changes to pale yellow (this procedure means that the whole body of the mouse is perfused with PBS.)
Cut the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter, and remove the kidney. Divide the kidney into 30 mg pieces for use in the next step.
NOTE: The pathology of IgA nephropathy mainly involves the glomerulus in the renal cortex (outer part of the kidney). Although it is difficult to macroscopically and completely distinguish the cortex and the medulla, it is desirable to mainly collect the outer part of the kidney. These samples can be stored at –80 °C for several months.

2. Purifying total RNA from kidney samples

NOTE: In this step, commercially available miRNA isolation kit is used for the extraction of total RNA. In addition, biopolymer-shredding spin column is used. See Table of Materials for additional details. miRNA isolation kit contains a silica membrane-based spin column, phenol/guanidine-based lysis reagents, guanidine/ethanol wash buffer (wash buffer 1), ethanol wash buffer (wash buffer 2), and nuclease-free water. This step requires about 3 h for a sample size of 10 HIGA mice and 10 control mice.

Prepare the following items: 1.5 or 2.0 mL collection tubes, 100% ethanol, chloroform, silicon homogenizer, micropipettes, pipette tips, centrifuge, biopolymer-shredding spin column, silica membrane-based spin column, phenol/guanidine-based lysis reagents, guanidine/ethanol wash buffer (wash buffer 1), ethanol wash buffer (wash buffer 2), and nuclease-free water.
Homogenize 30 mg kidney samples using a silicon homogenizer and 700 µL of the phenol/guanidine-based lysis reagent at room temperature.
NOTE: The miRNAs in the sample are vulnerable until they have been exposed to phenol/guanidine-based lysis reagent so these steps should be performed promptly.
Transfer the lysate to the biopolymer-shredding spin column and centrifuge it at 15,000 x g for 2 min at room temperature.
Add 140 µL of chloroform to the filtrate and mix vigorously for 15 s. Leave for 2–3 min, then centrifuge at 12,000 x g at 4 °C for 15 min.
Gently transfer the clear supernatant without touching the middle layer to a new collection tube and add the determined volume (see below) of 100% ethanol. Vortex for 5 s.
NOTE: 100% ethanol at 1.5x the volume of the obtained supernatant is required.
Transfer the sample (upper limit 700 µL) to a silica membrane-based spin column and centrifuge the sample at room temperature for 15 s at 8,000 x g. Discard the filtrate after centrifugation.
Add 700 µL of wash buffer 1 to the silica membrane-based spin column and centrifuge the column at room temperature for 15 s at 8,000 x g. Discard the filtrate after centrifugation.
Add 500 µL of wash buffer 2 to the silica membrane-based spin column and centrifuge it at room temperature for 15 s at 8,000 x g. Discard the filtrate after centrifugation.
Add 500 µL of wash buffer 2 to the silica membrane-based spin column and centrifuge it at room temperature for 15 s at 8,000 x g. Discard the filtrate after centrifugation.
Centrifuge the silica membrane-based spin column again without adding anything to remove any additional ethanol, at 15,000 x g for 1 min at room temperature. Throw away the filtrate after centrifugation.
Change the tube attached to the spin column to a new collection tube.
Add 30 µL of nuclease-free water to the silica membrane-based spin column and centrifuge it at 8,000 x g for 1 min at room temperature.
NOTE: The resulting 30 µL solution contains a high concentration of total RNA. This sample can be stored at –80 °C for several months.

3. Synthesis of cDNA from total RNA

NOTE: In this step, a commercially available reverse transcription kit is used. See Table of Materials for additional details. This kit contains nucleic acid mix, reverse transcriptase mix, and buffer. This procedure must be performed on ice to prevent progress of the reaction. This step requires about 3 h for a sample size of 10 HIGA mice and 10 control mice.

Prepare the following items: 1.5 mL collection tubes, eight-well strip tubes, micropipettes, pipette tips, spectrophotometer, nuclease-free water, ice, nucleic acid mix, reverse transcriptase mix, buffer, and thermal cycler.
Measure the concentration of total RNA using a spectrophotometer. Then, calculate the required volume of nuclease-free water so that 12 µL contains 1 µg of total RNA.
Prepare a master mix with the following contents: 2.0 µL of nucleic acid mix, 2.0 µL of reverse transcriptase mix, and 4.0 µL of buffer to a total of 8.0 µL per sample.
Add 8 µL of the master mix to each well of eight-well strip tubes.
Dilute total RNA in the volume of nuclease-free water calculated in 3.2. Then, add 12 µL of the total RNA solution (containing 1 µg of total RNA) to each well of eight-well strip tubes.
Incubate the sample in 8 well strip tubes at 37 °C for 60 min using the thermal cycler. Then, incubate at 95 °C for 5 min using the thermal cycler.
NOTE: The solution after incubation contains a high concentration of cDNA.
Transfer this solution to a 1.5 mL tube and add 200 µL of nuclease-free water.
NOTE: The resulting 200 µL of solution can be used for qRT-PCR as a template cDNA. This sample can be stored at –80 °C for about 1 year.

4. qRT-PCR of miRNA

NOTE: In this step, a commercially available PCR kit is used. See Table of Materials for additional details. This kit contains PCR mix, universal primer, and nuclease-free water. Samples should be prepared in duplicate, and the accuracy of the results should be considered in each case. Expression levels of miRNA are quantified by the ΔΔCT method. This step requires about 4 h for a sample size of 10 HIGA mice and 10 control mice.

Prepare the following items: 1.5 mL collection tube, 96-well reaction plate, adhesive film for the 96-well reaction plate, micropipettes, pipette tips, PCR mix, universal primer, nuclease-free water, miRNA-specific primers, and a real-time PCR instrument.
Prepare the master mix with the following contents: 12.5 µL of PCR mix, 2.5 µL of universal primer, 1.25 µL of 5 µM miRNA-specific primer, and 6.25 µL of nuclease-free water for each well.
NOTE: In this assay, primers specific to miRNAs [RNA, U6 Small Nuclear 2 (RNU6-2), miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-21-5p] were used. RNU6-2 was used as an endogenous control¹⁴.
Add 22.5 µL of the master mix to each well of the 96 well reaction plate.
Add 2.5 µL of cDNA prepared in step 3.7 to individual well of the 96 well plate.
Cover the 96 well reaction plate with adhesion film, then centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 30 s.
Run the real-time PCR instrument. Program the PCR instrument as follows: initial activation at 95 °C for 15 min, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, and extension at 70 °C for 30 s.
Quantify gene expression using the ΔΔCT method. Relative expression levels are determined as 2^–ΔΔCT.
NOTE: Abnormal PCR amplification curves should be considered for exclusion from the results.

Representative Results

We investigated the expression levels of miRNAs in the kidneys of HIGA mice (n=10). This result was obtained completely based on the described protocol. The kidneys of Balb/c mice were selected as the control (n=10). In both groups, aged 25 weeks were selected. Only female HIGA mice were available from the supplier. The expression levels of three miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-21-5p; Figure 1) were detected, which were previously reported to be associated with IgA nephropathy¹⁵^,¹⁶. Relative miRNA expression levels of the two groups were compared using a t-test, with P < 0.05 being statistically significant. miR-155-5p was expressed at 3.3-fold higher levels in the HIGA group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), while miR-21-5p was expressed at 1.58-fold higher levels in the HIGA group (P = 0.007). miR-146a-5p expression did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Figure 1: Expression levels of miRNAs in the kidneys of HIGA mice. qRT-PCR determined the relative expression levels of miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-21-5p in HIGA mice (n = 10) and Balb/c mice (n = 10). Relative expression levels are shown as mean values and standard errors. (A) miR-155-5p expression was 3.3-fold higher in the HIGA group (P < 0.001). (B) miR-146a-5p expression did not differ significantly between the two groups. (C) miR-21-5p expression was 1.58-fold higher in the HIGA group (P = 0.007). quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); microRNAs (miRNAs); not significant (NS); *, p <0.05. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

We were able to measure the expression levels of miRNAs in the kidneys of an IgA nephropathy mouse model (HIGA mice) using this new method. IgA nephropathy is an unexplained disease that needs further research to clarify its etiology and therapeutic targets¹^,³. However, obtaining human kidney samples is highly invasive. This new technique is advantageous in that it allows the study of IgA nephropathy using small animals and should facilitate future research into IgA nephropathy and miRNAs. In a future study, this method could be applied to the study of novel miRNAs for the treatment of IgA nephropathy. Artificial modulation of miRNAs in HIGA mice may influence the phenotype of IgA nephropathy. In that case, this method may be useful for verifying the changes of miRNAs. This method is not intended for analyzing miRNAs in serum, but it may be possible to use it for this by modifying the protocol.

The rationale of this method is based on previous reports. We used biopolymer-shredding spin columns to disrupt biopolymers in the sample, which has previously been shown to be an effective technique¹². Past reports have also demonstrated the accuracy of synthesizing cDNA from total RNA using reverse transcription and performing PCR using the prepared cDNA as a template¹³. As a critical step in this method, evaluation of the PCR results is important. It is necessary to exclude abnormal amplification curves from the results. In addition, changes in endogenous controls should be considered if stable results are not obtained¹⁴.

A major problem that can be encountered with this method is the abnormally low expression of miRNAs. miRNAs are highly degradable compounds so the method should be performed quickly. Additionally, the effects of ribonuclease (RNase) in the experimental environment need to be eliminated. Researchers should always be aware of the presence of RNase in skin and hair¹⁷. It is necessary to wear disposable gloves, masks, and hair caps for experiments. In addition, laboratory equipment such as micropipettes, pipette tips, and collection tubes must be cleaned to ensure the absence of RNase¹⁷. The deactivation of RNase using an autoclave should be performed as necessary¹⁷. Otherwise, researchers should use RNase-free-certified items¹⁷. All samples should be properly stored under the recommended conditions to reduce the risk of RNase contamination.

Our method has three important limitations. The first is that we did not demonstrate whether it can be applied to other animals and other organs. This is relevant because miRNAs are known to play an important role in blood cells in IgA nephropathy²^,⁶^,⁷, but we did not investigate whether our method can be used in blood cells. Second, the sample size of our experiments may be small. Sample size should be determined depending on the study design, statistical analysis, required time, and required costs. Therefore, each researcher must determine the appropriate sample size before starting this experiment. Third, the severity and phenotype of IgA nephropathy in HIGA mice may vary between individuals⁹. In addition, the bias of sex and age has not been fully investigated. It is recommended to add immunohistochemistry to confirm the severity and phenotype of IgA nephropathy, if necessary. In addition, the methods other than PCR, including microarray, northern blotting, and ribonuclease protection assays, are recommended to perform as necessary.

In conclusion, we developed a reliable method for measuring the expression levels of miRNAs in the kidneys of an IgA mouse model (HIGA mice).

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We thank Sarah Williams, PhD, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Materials

BALB/cCrSlc (25-week-old, female)	Japan SLC, Inc.	none	Mouse for control
HIGA/NscSlc (25-week-old, female)	Japan SLC, Inc.	none	IgA nephropathy mouse model
MicroAmp Optical 96 well reaction plate for qRT-PCR	Thermo Fisher Scientific	4316813	96-well reaction plate
MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film	Thermo Fisher Scientific	4311971	adhesive film for 96-well reaction plate
miScript II RT kit	Qiagen	218161	Experimental kit for synthesis of cDNA
miRNeasy Mini kit	Qiagen	217004	Experimental kit fot extraction of total RNA
miScript Primer Assay (RNU6-2)	Qiagen	MS00033740	miRNA-specific primer
miScript Primer Assay (miR-155-5p)	Qiagen	MS00001701	miRNA-specific primer
miScript Primer Assay (miR-146a-5p)	Qiagen	MS00001638	miRNA-specific primer
miScript Primer Assay (miR-21-5p)	Qiagen	MS00009079	miRNA-specific primer
miScript SYBR Green PCR kit	Qiagen	218073	Experimental kit for real-time PCR
QIA shredder	Qiagen	79654	biopolymer-shredding spin column
QuantStudio 12K Flex Flex Real-Time PCR system	Thermo Fisher Scientific	4472380	real-time PCR instrument
QuantStudio 12K Flex Software version 1.2.1.	Thermo Fisher Scientific	4472380	real-time PCR instrument software
takara biomasher standard	Takara Bio	9790B	silicon homogenizer

Referencias

Rodrigues, J. C., Haas, M., Reich, H. N. IgA Nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (4), 677-686 (2017).
Szeto, C. C., Li, P. K. MicroRNAs in IgA nephropathy. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 10 (5), 249-256 (2014).
Wyatt, R. J., Julian, B. A. IgA nephropathy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (25), 2402-2414 (2013).
Vishnoi, A., Rani, S. MiRNA Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1509, 1-10 (2017).
Rupaimoole, R., Slack, F. J. MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 16 (3), 203-222 (2017).
Serino, G., Sallustio, F., Cox, S. N., Pesce, F., Schena, F. P. Abnormal miR-148b expression promotes aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 23 (5), 814-824 (2012).
Serino, G., et al. In a retrospective international study, circulating miR-148b and let-7b were found to be serum markers for detecting primary IgA nephropathy. Kidney International. 89 (3), 683-692 (2016).
Muso, E., et al. Enhanced production of glomerular extracellular matrix in a new mouse strain of high serum IgA ddY mice. Kidney International. 50 (6), 1946-1957 (1996).
Kurano, M., Yatomi, Y. Use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry to elucidate metabolites predicting the phenotypes of IgA nephropathy in hyper IgA mice. Plos One. 14 (7), 0219403 (2019).
Hyun, Y. Y., et al. Adipose-derived stem cells improve renal function in a mouse model of IgA nephropathy. Cell Transplantation. 21 (11), 2425-2439 (2012).
Katsuma, S., et al. Genomic analysis of a mouse model of immunoglobulin A nephropathy reveals an enhanced PDGF-EDG5 cascade. The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 1 (3), 211-217 (2001).
Morse, S. M., Shaw, G., Larner, S. F. Concurrent mRNA and protein extraction from the same experimental sample using a commercially available column-based RNA preparation kit. BioTechniques. 40 (1), 54-58 (2006).
Mestdagh, P., et al. Evaluation of quantitative miRNA expression platforms in the microRNA quality control (miRQC) study. Nature Methods. 11 (8), 809-815 (2014).
Sauer, E., Babion, I., Madea, B., Courts, C. An evidence based strategy for normalization of quantitative PCR data from miRNA expression analysis in forensic organ tissue identification. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 13, 217-223 (2014).
Wang, G., et al. Elevated levels of miR-146a and miR-155 in kidney biopsy and urine from patients with IgA nephropathy. Disease Markers. 30 (4), 171-179 (2011).
Hennino, M. F., et al. miR-21-5p renal expression is associated with fibrosis and renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy. Scientific Reports. 6, 27209 (2016).
Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. . How to Win the Battle with RNase. 2019 (2), (2019).

Play Video

PDF

DOI

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Citar este artículo

Kaneko, S., Yanai, K., Ishii, H., Aomatsu, A., Ito, K., Hirai, K., Ookawara, S., Ishibashi, K., Morishita, Y. Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (161), e61535, doi:10.3791/61535 (2020).