Summary

In vitro differentiering af humane CD4 + Foxp3 + Induced Regulatory T-celler (iTregs) fra naive CD4 + T-celler under anvendelse et TGF-β-holdige protokol

Published: December 30, 2016
doi:

Summary

Denne protokol beskriver den reproducerbare generation og fænotypebestemmelse af humane inducerede regulatoriske T-celler (iTregs) fra naive CD4 + -T-celler in vitro. Forskellige protokoller for Foxp3 induktion muliggøre undersøgelsen af ​​særlige iTreg fænotyper opnået med respektive protokoller.

Abstract

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes.

Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human naïve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-β plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR.

These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained.

A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-β plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

Introduction

CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatoriske T-celler (tregs) undertrykker andre immunceller og er kritiske formidlere af perifer tolerance, forhindrer autoimmunitet og overdreven inflammation 1. Betydningen af ​​tregs er eksemplificeret ved den humane sygdom immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropati X-bundet syndrom (IPEX), hvori tab af tregs skyldes mutationer i den `master' Treg transkriptionsfaktor forkhead kasse P3 (Foxp3) fører til alvorlig systemisk autoimmun sygdom, dødbringende i en tidlig alder. Men tregs fungere som en tveægget sværd i immunsystemet som de også kan hæmme anti-tumor immunitet i visse indstillinger 2. Terapeutisk manipulation af treg nummer og funktion er derfor underlagt talrige kliniske undersøgelser. I kræft, kan udtømning af tregs være ønskeligt og vis succes af kliniske tilgange tilskynder til yderligere forskning 3. Ved autoimmune og inflammatoriske sygdomme, foruden terapeutiske virkninger af tregs i several mus sygdomsmodeller, de seneste første i-mand forsøg med adoptiv treg overførsel for at forhindre graft- versus -host sygdom (GvHD) 4 7 og til at vurdere sikkerheden i behandling af type 1-diabetes 8 viste meget lovende resultater.

Naturligt forekommende tregs (nTregs) omfatter thymiske-afledte tTregs og perifert inducerede pTregs, med ikke-redundante væsentlige funktioner i at bevare sundhed 9-11. Men nTreg tal er begrænset, tilskynde til komplementære tilgang inducerende tregs (iTregs) in vitro fra naive T-celle forstadier 12. Stadig stabilitet iTregs, formentlig på grund af manglende demethylering i den såkaldte Treg-specifik demethyleret region (TSDR) i Foxp3 gen locus 13, er fortsat en bekymring, og flere undersøgelser viser, at in vivo-induceret tregs er mere stabile 14.

Til dato fortsat Foxp3 den bedste protein marker for tregs men det er ikke absolut specifik Eftersom humane konventionelle CD4 + CD25- T-celler transient udtrykker mellemliggende niveauer af foxp3 ved aktivering 15,16. Selv om der er gjort betydelige fremskridt med at belyse reguleringen af ​​foxp3 udtryk, stadig meget at blive opdaget med hensyn til induktion, stabilitet og funktion af foxp3 især i humane celler. Trods forskelle i forhold til nTregs, in vitro inducerede foxp3 + CD4 + T-celler kan anvendes som et modelsystem til at studere molekylære mekanismer for Foxp3 induktion og som et udgangspunkt for at udvikle protokoller i fremtiden, som tillader generering af iTregs der er mere ligner i vivo genereret tregs, som kunne være gældende for adoptiv overførsel strategier i fremtiden.

Der er ingen `guld standard' protokol til at fremkalde menneskelige iTregs, og nuværende protokoller er blevet udviklet på baggrund af efterligne Treg-inducerende betingelser in vivo: interleukin 2 (IL-2) Og transformerende vækstfaktor β (TGF-β) signalering er afgørende for Foxp3 induktion in vivo 17, og all-trans-retinsyre (ATRA) – som produceres in vivo ved tarmassocieret dendritceller – bruges ofte til at forbedre Foxp3 induktion in vitro 18 -. 21 Vi har udviklet yderligere menneskelige Treg-inducerende protokoller under anvendelse butyrat 22, en gut mikrobiota-afledt kortkædede fedtsyre, der for nylig blev vist at forøge murine Treg induktion 23,24. Vi har også for nylig etableret en ny protokol til generation af iTregs med overlegen undertrykkende funktion in vitro ved hjælp af en kombination af TGF-β, ATRA og rapamycin 22, hvor sidstnævnte er en klinisk godkendt pattedyr mål for rapamycin (mTOR-hæmmer), der er kendt for at fremme foxp3 vedligeholdelse under human treg ekspansion 25,26.

Denne metode beskriver reproducerbar ivitro dannelse af humane CD4 + Foxp3 + iTregs ud fra en række forskellige betingelser, og deres efterfølgende fænotypebestemmelse ved flowcytometri og kvantitativ revers transkription polymerasekædereaktion (QRT-PCR) for at afsløre protokol-specifikke mønstre af ekspression af foxp3 og andre Treg signatur molekyler sådanne som CD25, CTLA-4, EOS, samt undertrykkelse af IFN-γ og SATB1 ekspression 22. De genererede cellepopulationer kan anvendes til funktionelle assays vedrørende suppressive aktivitet, eller for molekylære undersøgelser, enten vedrørende generelle Foxp3 regulatorer eller studere virkninger er specifikke for visse forbindelser, såsom butyrat eller rapamycin. Yderligere forståelse af molekylære mekanismer kørsel treg differentiering er yderst relevant for fremtidige terapeutiske tilgange i autoimmunitet eller kræft til specifikt retter sig mod molekyler involveret i treg generation og funktion.

Protocol

Humane mononukleære celler fra perifert blod (PBMC'er) blev frisk isoleret fra anonymiserede rask donor fibrinlag købt fra Karolinska University Hospital, Sverige. Etisk tilladelse til forsøgene blev opnået fra det regionale Etisk Review Board i Stockholm (regionala etikprövningsnämnden i Stockholm), Sverige (godkendelsesnummer: 2013 / 1458-1431 / 1). 1. T Cell Isolation fra perifert blod PBMC Isolation Pre-lay 15 ml densitetscentrifugering (såsom Ficoll) opløsnin…

Representative Results

Figur 1 viser et arrangement med forsøgsopstillingen. Figur 2 viser et repræsentativt renhed kontrol farvning for magnetisk isolerede naive CD4 + T-celler og nTregs. F igur 3A viser flowcytometri gating-strategi og Figur 3B viser repræsentative Foxp3 og CD25 flowcytometri farvninger på dag 6 i kultur under de angivne iTreg eller kontrol betingel…

Discussion

Den beskrevne protokol muliggør robust induktion af humane CD4 + Foxp3 + iTregs fra humane naive CD4 + T-celler. Det omfatter en ny protokol, som vi beskrev for nylig, anvendelse af en kombination af TGF-β, ATRA og rapamycin, til induktion af iTregs med overlegen in vitro undertrykkende funktion 22. Sammenlignet med andre publicerede protokoller, en anden fordel er induktionen af ​​forskellige iTreg populationer parallelt af forskellige protokoller, som muliggør direkte sammenlignin…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Nina Nagel is gratefully acknowledged for technical assistance during the video shoot and experimental preparation. We thank Eva-Maria Weiss for help with the intracellular FOXP3 staining protocol and Elisabeth Suri-Payer and Nina Oberle for establishing the nTreg isolation protocol. Matilda Eriksson and Peri Noori are acknowledged for laboratory management.

Funding: A.S. was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme, the Dr. Åke Olsson Foundation and KI research foundations; A.S. and J.T. were supported by a CERIC (Center of Excellence for Research on Inflammation and Cardiovascular disease) grant, J.T. was supported by Vetenskapsrådet Medicine and Health (Dnr 2011-3264), Torsten Söderberg Foundation, FP7 STATegra, AFA Insurance and Stockholm County Council.

Materials

All-trans retinoic acid Sigma Aldrich R2625-50MG  
anit-human Foxp3-APC clone 236A/E7 eBioscience 17-4777-42
anti-human CD25 microbeads Miltenyi Biotec 130-092-983
anti-human CD25-PE Miltenyi Biotec 130-091-024
anti-human CD28 antibody, LEAF Purified  Biolegend 302914
anti-human CD3 Antibody, LEAF Purified  Biolegend 317315
anti-human CD45RA , FITC Miltenyi Biotec 130-092-247
anti-human CD45RO PE clone UCHL1 BD Biosciences 555493
anti-human CD4-PerCP clone SK3; mIgG1 BD Biosciences 345770
anti-human CD8-eFluor 450 (clone OKT8), mIgG2a eBioscience 48-0086-42 
anti-human CTLA-4 (CD152), clone BNI3, mIgG2ak, Brilliant violet 421 BD Biosciences 562743
anti-human IFN-g FITC clone 4S.B3; mIgG1k eBioscience 11-7319-81 
Brefeldin A-containing solution: GolgiPlug BD Biosciences 555029
cDNA synthesis kit: SuperScript VILO(Reverse transcriptase) cDNA Synthesis Kit Invitrogen 11754-250
Density centrifugation medium: Ficoll-Paque GE healthcare 17-1440-03
DMSO 99,7% Sigma Aldrich D2650-5X5ML
FBS, heat inactivated Invitrogen 10082-147
Fixable Viability Dye, eFluor 780   eBioscience 65-0865-14 or 65-0865-18 
Foxp3 Staining Buffer Set eBioscience 00-5523-00  Caution, contains Paraformaldehyde
Can be also bought in combined kit with antibody; 77-5774-40 Anti-Human Foxp3 Staining Set APC Clone: 236A/E7 Set 
GlutaMAX (200 mM L-alanyl-L-glutamine) Invitrogen 35050-061
human naive CD4 T cell isolation kit II Miltenyi Biotec 130-094-131
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human naive CD4 T cell isolation kit II
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Miltenyi Biotec
130-094-131
Human serum albumin 50 g/l Baxter 1501057
Ionomycin from Streptomyces conglobatus >98% Sigma Aldrich I9657-1MG
MACS LS-columns Miltenyi Biotec 130-042-401
mouse IgG1 K Isotype Control APC Clone: P3.6.2.8.1  eBioscience 17-4714-42 
mouse IgG1 K Isotype Control FITC 50 ug  eBioscience 11-4714-81 
mouse IgG2a isotype control, Brilliant violet 421, clone MOPC-173 BD Biosciences 563464
Pasteur pipet plastic, individually packed Sarstedt 86.1172.001  
PMA PHORBOL 12-MYRISTATE 13-ACETATE Sigma Aldrich P1585-1MG 
Rapamycin EMD (Merck) 553210-100UG
Recombinant Human IL-2, CF R&D 202-IL-050/CF
Recombinant Human TGF-beta 1, CF RnD 240-B-010/CF
RNA isolation kit: RNAqueous-Micro Kit Ambion AM1931  
RPMI 1640 Medium  Invitrogen 72400-054 
Sodium butyrate Sigma Aldrich B5887-250MG 
T cell culture medium: X-Vivo 15 medium, with gentamicin+phenolred Lonza 04-418Q
TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, FOXP3 (Best Coverage)  Applied Biosystems 4331182; assay ID: Hs01085834_m1 Caution, contains Paraformaldehyde
TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, RPL13A (Best Coverage) Applied Biosystems 4351370; assay ID: Hs04194366_g1   Caution, contains Paraformaldehyde
TaqMan Gene Expression Master mix Applied Biosystems 4369514

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Schmidt, A., Éliás, S., Joshi, R. N., Tegnér, J. In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol. J. Vis. Exp. (118), e55015, doi:10.3791/55015 (2016).

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