Summary

Organóides como modelo para Doenças Infecciosas: Cultura dos Direitos Humanos e Organóides e estômago murino Microinjection do Helicobacter pylori

Published: November 12, 2015
doi:

Summary

Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.

Abstract

Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.

Introduction

O estudo de agentes patogénicos se baseia em sistemas modelo adequados para imitar a infecção in vivo. Para alguns agentes infecciosos, sistemas modelo adequados faltam enquanto alguns dos sistemas usados ​​estão longe de ser ideal. Um exemplo é a bactéria gástrica Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), que está causalmente relacionada com o desenvolvimento de cancro gástrico. No entanto, na ausência de um sistema de cultura de células mais adequado, muitos estudos que objetivam analisar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes linhas celulares de cancro uso de desenvolvimento de câncer, que representam o ponto final da cascata canceroso. Pilhas, não transformadas seria um modelo melhor para estes estudos. No entanto, as células primárias são disponíveis apenas a partir de um pequeno número de doadores e não podem ser cultivadas durante longos períodos de tempo. Nos últimos anos, a pesquisa com células-tronco tem feito progressos significativos para proporcionar novas fontes de culturas de células primárias para o estudo da biologia da infecção.

Culturas a partir detrês fontes de células-tronco têm sido utilizadas: as células-tronco embrionárias (ESC), células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (IPSC) ou células-tronco adultas. Eles têm sido utilizados para modelar as infecções com os vírus, tais como o citomegalovírus ou 1,2 Vírus da Hepatite C 3 – 7, parasitas, tais como Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii 8 ou 9, e as bactérias, tais como Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron 10 ou Salmonella enterica 11. Mais recentemente, várias abordagens têm sido publicados para modelar a infecção por H. pylori com Organóides derivados de ESC ou iPS células 12, as células-tronco adultas 21,22 rato ou humanas células-tronco adultas 13 – 15.

O desenvolvimento de culturas de células organ�de estaminais adultas originado a partir de um estudo, no qual as células estaminais individuais isolados a partir de epitélio intestinal murino foram semeadas em uma matriz de 3-dimensional eincorporado em meio que mimetizava o ambiente das células estaminais intestinais contendo EGF como mitogénio, R-espondina para melhorar a sinalização Wnt e Noggin para inibir proteína morfogénica do osso (BMP) de sinalização 16. Nomeadamente estas culturas não requer a co-cultura com células mesenquimais. Nestas condições, as células estaminais proliferar e formar pequenas estruturas com domínios abrigar células das criptas intestinais, e domínios que contêm as células das vilosidades intestinais. Os Organóides assim se auto-organizar para imitar a situação in vivo. Hoje em dia, as células estaminais adultas a partir de diversos tecidos de murino e humanas podem ser crescidas in vitro e auto-organizar em Organóides que se assemelham a sua contraparte in vivo, tais como o intestino delgado e cólon 17, estômago 13,18, 19,20 fígado, pâncreas e 21 próstata 22.

Aqui nós fornecemos um protocolo de vídeo à cultura mouse ou Organóides gástricos humanos de cel-tronco adultasls e microinject-los com H. pylori. Este protocolo é baseado em relatórios anteriores 13,18. Este método pode ser adaptado para a cultura e infectar outras culturas, tais como organ�de Organóides intestinais.

Protocol

1. Estabelecimento de gástrico organ�de Cultura Nota: Este protocolo pode ser utilizado para o isolamento de glândulas gástricas de murganho ou tecido humano. Aconselha-se a usar o tecido de aproximadamente 1 cm². O tecido humano pode ser obtido a partir de biópsias gástricas ou ressecção. Preparação de material Nota: A matriz basal utilizado é de Matrigel. Manter a matriz porão em gelo em todos os momentos. Armazenar a matriz basal a -20 ° C e descongelar…

Representative Results

Este protocolo permite o isolamento de glândulas gástricas (Figura 2). Glândulas são semeadas em matriz basal, que se solidifica como gota dentro de um poço, fornecendo uma estrutura 3 dimensional rica em laminina e colagénio para permitir que as glândulas crescer em Organóides (Figura 3). Organóides geralmente começam como pequenas cistos e dentro de 12-16 dias, que se expandem para as esferas com um diâmetro de 50-300 ^ M (Figura 4). Alguns Organóides vai …

Discussion

This protocol describes the use of ever-expanding, untransformed primary organoids from adult stem cells for infection biology. Critical steps are i) the isolation of viable glands, ii) expansion of organoids and iii) the microinjection. Below are some suggestions for modifications, troubleshooting and technical considerations.

Compared to other isolation methods, which use vigorous shaking or pipetting to release glands and can be equally successful, the technique presented here has the adva…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by EU Marie Curie Fellowship (EU/300686-InfO) to S.B. and a Research Prize from the United European Gastroenterology Foundation to H.C. We would like to thank Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving and the Hubrecht Imaging Center for technical assistance, Meritxell Huch for help with initial organoid culture and Yana Zavros for discussion.

Materials

Medium
HEPES Invitrogen 15630-056
Advanced DMEM/F12 Invitrogen 12634-028
Matrigel, GFR, phenol free BD 356231
GlutaMAX Invitrogen 35050-079 Stock concentration 200 mM, final concentration 2 mM
B27 Invitrogen 17504-044 Stock concentration 50 x, final concentration 1x
N-Acetylcysteine Sigma-Aldrich A9165-5G Stock concentration 500 mM, final concentration 1 mM
Murine recombinant EGF Invitrogen PMG8043 Stock concentration 500 µg/mL, final concentration 50 ng/mL
Human recombinant FGF10 Peprotech 100-26 Stock concentration 100 µg/mL, final concentration 200 ng/mL
TGFβi A-83-01 Tocris 2939 Stock concentration 500 µM, final concentration 2 µM 
Nicotinamide Sigma-Aldrich N0636 Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 10 mM 
[Leu15]-Gastrin Sigma-Aldrich G9145 Stock concentration 100 µM, final concentration 1 nM
RHOKi Y-27632 Sigma-Aldrich Y0503 Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 µM
Wnt3A conditioned medium Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 50%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers.
R-spondin1 conditioned medium Stable cell line generated in the Kuo Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cell line can be obtained from Calvin Kuo, Stanford.
Noggin conditioned medium Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers.
R-spondin3 R&D 3500-RS/CF Alternative source for R-spondin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (1 µg/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids.
Noggin Peprotech 120-10 Alternative source for noggin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (100 ng/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids.
TrypLE express Life Technologies 12605036 Enzymatic dissociation solution 
CoolCell® Alcohol-Free Cell Freezing Containers biocision BCS-405
Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium Invitrogen 12648-010
Antibiotics
Primocin Invivogen ant-pm-1 An antibiotics composition agains bacteria and fungi. It is helpful after initiation of a culture. For long term culture you can switch to other antibiotics or none.
Penicillin/Streptomycin Invitrogen 15140-122 Stock concentration 10000/10000 U/mL, final concentration 100/100 U/mL. Can be used alternatively to Primocin in long term culture.
Otro
Tweezers Neolabs 2-1033 Tweezers with fine tips are helpful for the removal of muscle layer from the tissue.
4 Well Multidishes Thermo Scientific 144444 You can use other Multidishes. These were particularly helpful for microinjections because they have a low outer rim and allow more mobility for the manipulator.
Micromanipulator Narishige M-152
Microinjector Narishige IM-5B
Stereomicroscope Leica MZ75
Workbench Clean Air Custom made to fit the stereomicroscope in ML2 condition
Cappillaries Harvard Apparatus GC100T-10 1 mm outer diameter, 0,78 mm inner diameter.
Micropipette Puller Sutter Instruments Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller
anti Cag A antibody Santa Cruz sc-25766

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Bartfeld, S., Clevers, H. Organoids as Model for Infectious Diseases: Culture of Human and Murine Stomach Organoids and Microinjection of Helicobacter Pylori. J. Vis. Exp. (105), e53359, doi:10.3791/53359 (2015).

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